Article Information

Audrey M. Hagiwara¹, Erica Montano¹, Gantseg Tumurkhuu¹, Moumita Bose^1,2, Marianne Bernardo¹, Daniel S. Berman^3,4, Galen Cook Wiens⁵, Michael D. Nelson^5,6, Daniel J. Wallace^1,7, Janet Wei^4,5, Mariko Ishimori^1,7, C. Noel Bairey Merz^4,5, Caroline Jefferies^1,2

¹Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA

²Kao Autoimmunity Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

³S. Mark Taper Foundation Imaging Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

⁴Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

⁵Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

⁶Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, USA

⁷David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA

*Corresponding Author: Caroline Jefferies. Department of Medicine, Kao Autoimmunity Institute, 121 N San Vincente Blvd. Los Angeles, California

Received: 02 December 2023; Accepted: 13 December 2023; Published: 22 December 2023

Citation:

Audrey M. Hagiwara, Erica Montano, Gantseg Tumurkhuu, Moumita Bose, Marianne Bernardo, Daniel S. Berman, Galen Cook Wiens, Michael D. Nelson, Daniel J. Wallace, Janet Wei, Mariko Ishimori, C. Noel Bairey Merz, Caroline Jefferies. Reduced Left Ventricular Function on Cardiac MRI in SLE Patients Correlates with Measures of SLE Disease Activity and Inflammation. Journal of Radiology and Clinical Imaging 6 (2023): 197-207.

Abstract

Keywords

Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction, Myocardial Perfusion Reserve Index, Systemic lupus Erythematosus.

Article Details

1. Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a sexually dimorphic autoimmune disease, with approximately 90% of patients being women. Chest pain is a common symptom in patients with SLE [1], with cardiovascular disease (CVD) being a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in SLE. Compared to the general population, cardiovascular mortality is 2.7-fold higher in SLE patients [2]. The risk of CVD is significantly elevated in women with SLE, particularly in the 35 to 44 year age group who have a 50-fold increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) compared to age-matched healthy individuals [3]. The origin of chest pain in SLE can be attributed to multiple causes, including pericardial disease, myocarditis, and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, coronary angiography is frequently normal, indicating causes other than CAD driving anginal chest pain [4].

With the advancement in non-invasive diagnostic imaging, it is now understood that many SLE patients have ischemia with no obstructive CAD (INOCA), which is associated with elevated risk for CVD events [5-8]. Studies using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) have demonstrated a high prevalence of INOCA amongst SLE patients, which is predominantly attributable to coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) [9-11]. Now a routine tool within cardiac diagnostics, cMRI measures determines the mass and volumes of the heart, in addition to providing structural imaging of the myocardial tissue to detect fibrosis. Stress perfusion imaging allows measurement of coronary blood flow, which permits detection of ischemia and valve disorders. The semi-quantitative myocardial perfusion index (MPRI) is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of CMD (a MPRI of less than 1.84 being diagnostic of CMD), whereas measures of left ventricular (LV) diastolic volumes and ejection fraction (EF) detect cardiac dysfunction [12]. CMRI MPRI is an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with INOCA [13]. In addition to cardiac positron emission tomography (PET), which is the most studied non-invasive method for diagnosing CMD, stress cMRI is a reliable tool for diagnosing CMD while also offering insight into cardiac anatomy and function [12, 14-16].

The pathogenic mechanisms underlying CVD in SLE are incompletely understood; however, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and autoimmunity are known contributing factors. For example, systemic inflammation results in the upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules, increased recruitment of mononuclear cells, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which propagate atherogenesis [17, 18]. Clinical measurements of inflammation in SLE include complement, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP), which are used in scoring tools to determine and follow SLE disease activity and organ damage. Activation of the complement system leads to low levels of C3 and C4 in SLE [19]. ESR and CRP are non-specific markers of inflammation that are elevated in SLE and are associated with organ inflammation and infection, respectively [20]. It is unknown whether markers of clinical inflammation in SLE correlate with cardiac function abnormalities on cMRI. As such, this study aims to correlate changes in cardiac function in SLE patients using advanced cardiac imaging with clinical, laboratory and disease activity profiles of the patients in order to better understand subclinical heart disease in SLE.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1 Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional study was approved by the institutional review board at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and all participants gave informed consent prior to participation. Participants were recruited from the rheumatologic clinic. Inclusion criteria consisted of female SLE subjects (aged 37 to 57 years at baseline) with chest pain due to suspected angina. Exclusion criteria included documented obstructive CAD and contraindications to coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI).

2.2 Clinical Evaluation

Demographic data of the patients were collected including age and smoking history. Participants completed standardized angina symptom questionnaires and quality of life measures related to angina, in addition to a demographic questionnaire [21, 22]. Clinical data was collected including vital signs and body mass index. SLE disease activity was collected using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) [23] and the systemic lupus international collaborating clinics (SLICC) Damage Index (DI) [24]. In addition, serum samples were taken and evaluated for complete blood count, creatinine, protein, fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin, inflammatory markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), Complements (C3, C4), and antibodies (anti-antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA), ribonucleoprotein (RNP), anti-Smith (Sm), SSA (Ro), SSB (La), and anti-topoisomerase I (Scl). Obstructive CAD was excluded by noninvasive CCTA.

2.3 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Using a standardized cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) protocol [25], participants underwent stress cMRI at 3.0-Tesla (Siemens Vida or Biograph, Erlangen Germany) using ECG-gating/ phased array coil, with 0.05 mmol/kg gadolinium first-pass perfusion three slice stress (adenosine 140 µg/kg-1/min-1 or regadenoson 0.4 mg) followed by rest, function, myocardial characterization (T1 and T2 mapping), and late gadolinium enhancement. T1 mapping was acquired using the modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) method. Caffeine was withdrawn for 24 hours prior to stress testing. Beta blocker, calcium channel blocker and nitrate medications were with-held for 24-48 hours prior to stress testing, at physician discretion. Blood was collected for hematocrit measurement on the day of imaging for calculating extracellular volume (ECV) fraction.

2.4 Cardiac MRI Analysis

cMRI studies were analyzed for LV function, strain, volumes, cardiac output, mass, T1 and T2 mapping, using CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc, Calgary, AB, Canada), by the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center cMRI Core Laboratory. Myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI) was calculated as previously published [12]. LV mass, end-systolic and end- diastolic volumes were indexed to the body surface area (BSA). Native T1, ECV, and T2 times were measured in the midseptal region of the midventricular slice. Abnormal cMRI demonstrating coronary microvascular dysfunction was defined as a MPRI less than 1.84.

2.5 Statistical Analysis

Measurements are expressed as a mean and standard deviation, median and range for continuous variables, and counts and percentages for categorical variables. Groups were compared using t tests for SLE vs RC, with Welch’s correction for unequal variances. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyze clinical and cardiac function data between patients with CMD and those with no CMD. One way ANOVA was used to compare among CMD, no CMD and HC. When significant, a Bonferroni correction was used for post hoc pair-wise tests. Spearman correlations were used to assess association between CMRI features and lab results. Effect size was calculated as Cohen’s d with 95% confidence intervals for comparing between CMD and no CMD on CMRI features. A significance level of 0.05 was used for all hypothesis tests.

3. Results

Female SLE patient baseline characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The average age of the patients (n=13) recruited was 45, with SLEDAI scores ranging from inactive (0-3) to moderately active (4-6). Vital signs and blood count were all normal and clinical labs were consistent with a diagnosis of SLE, with serum creatinine and CRP being elevated compared to reference controls, whilst complement proteins C3 and C4 were reduced. Interestingly, while systolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and heart rate were all similar between reference controls and SLE patients, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was raised in SLE patients compared to reference controls (78.4+9.3 vs. 59±11 mmHg, respectively).

CMRI results are shown in Table 2, comparing cardiac function of SLE patients with a reference control group from the same center (n=22, all female). Of note, the age range of patients and reference controls was similar (45±5 vs. 49±6 years, respectively). LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly decreased in SLE patients compared to reference controls (59±7% compared to 64±5%, p=0.0291). LV mass index (LVMi) was also significantly increased compared to reference controls (47.31±9.3 ml/m2 compared to 41.34.5±4.3 ml/m2, p= 0.0461). In addition, radial, circumferential and longitudinal strain were reduced significantly in SLE patients compared to reference controls. Of the SLE patients, none had evidence of segmental perfusion defects, consistent with absence of obstructive CAD. One subject had LVEF < 50% with normal perfusion and no late gadolinium enhancement, consistent with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. An additional 2/13 (15%) had evidence of late gadolinium enhancement; one with extensive patchy scar in the absence of elevated T2 and normal wall motion, consistent with prior myocarditis, and another with small basal midmyocardial scar of uncertain significance. Mean T2 relaxation time was 43±4 ms (range 36-50 ms).

A Spearman correlation matrix was constructed to determine potential relationships between cardiac function measurements and clinical laboratory findings. Associations are shown in Table 3, with positive associations in green and negative associations in orange. We observed that the SLICC disease index (DI) score, which measures accumulated organ damage since onset of SLE, negatively correlated with LVEF, measures of strain but positively correlated with native T1 times. Fasting insulin levels and ESR showed a strong negative correlation with LVMi (Spearman r = -0.664 and -0.604, respectively) and fasting insulin levels also negatively correlated with ECV (r = -0.664). CRP, a marker of inflammation, showed a moderate-strong positive association with LVSVi and cardiac index and a similar trend towards a moderate negative association with longitudinal strain. We next analyzed the data based on whether SLE patients had CMD. Similar to previous work, we found that 5/13 (40%) of SLE subjects had CMD. No differences were observed between SLE patients with or without CMD when vital signs or clinical labs were compared (Table 1). When SLE cardiac function was assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test, we observed that LV function was significantly different between patients with CMD or no CMD (Table 4). However, no difference in EF or myocardial strain was observed between patients with or without CMD. We noted that patients without CMD had higher LVMi compared with either patients with CMD or reference controls, prompting us to assess the relative contribution of CMD versus no CMD to the overall differences in cardiac function between reference controls and SLE patients – ie EF, myocardial strain and LVMi. As shown in Figure 1, we observe that cardiac function was more similar between patients with CMD and reference controls, indicating that patients without CMD had a larger degree of contribution to the overall effect size noted previously. Figure 2 demonstrates how the patient group without CMD contributed to the overall differences observed. Overall, SLE patients without CMD (blue) contributed stronger to the effect seen between reference control cardiac MRI function than did SLE patients with CMD (black).

Table 1: Baseline SLE Subject Characteristics overall and grouped into patients with CMD (CMD) or without CMD (no CMD). Results are presented as mean ± SD or median (min-max). Normal reference ranges are given in column 2 in square brackets. CMD and no CMD data was analyzed by unpaired student’s t test, with Welch’s correction as appropriate. In all cases, no significant difference between the two groups was observed.

Table 2: Comparison of cardiac structure and function between SLE patients and reference controls (RC) based on cMRI values.

Results are shown as mean ± S.D. and significance was determined using student t test with or without Welch’s correction as appropriate. EF: ejection fraction, LVM: left ventricular mass; LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume; BSA: body surface area; LVEDVi: left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDV/BSA); LVESVi: left ventricular end systolic volume index (LVESV/BSA); LVSVi: left ventricular systolic volume index (LVSV/BSA); LVMi: left ventricular mass index (LVM/BSA); CI: cardiac index; ECV: extracellular volume. ns represents a p-value > 0.05.

Table 3: Analysis of cardiac structure and function versus clinical values from patients in the study.

A correlation matrix was constructed to determine potential relationships between cMRI values and clinical laboratory findings. Associations are shown and are represented as positive associations in the green boxes and negative associations in the orange boxes. The Spearman r coefficient and p value is shown in each case. EF: ejection fraction; LVSVi: left ventricular systolic volume index; CI: cardiac index; LVMi: left ventricular mass index; ECV: extracellular volume.

Table 4: Comparison of cardiac structure and function in SLE patients with CMD compared to SLE patients without on cMRI.

Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to determine potential differences in cardiac function between patients with CMD ( N=5) versus those without CMD (N=8). LVEDVi: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVi: left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LVMi: left ventricular mass index, LVSV: left ventricular systolic volume; LVSVi: LVSV index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ECV: extracellular volume.

Figure 1:  Comparison of cardiac structure and function in SLE patients with CMD or no CMD compared to reference controls.

Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test. ****p<0.0001, ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05, ns = not significant. LVEDVi: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVESVi: left ventricular end- systolic volume index; LVSVi: left ventricular systolic volume index; LVMi: left ventricular mass index; EF: ejection fraction; CI: cardiac index

Figure 2: Patients without CMD (no CMD) show a stronger contribution to differences in cardiac structure and function between healthy controls and SLE patients.

Patients with no CMD (blue) on MPRI show a stronger contribution to overall effect of SLE on cardiac function than do patients with CMD (black bars) when compared with reference controls. Data is represented as Cohen’s d + C.I. CI: cardiac index; LVSVi: left ventricular systolic volume index; LVESVi: left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LVEDVi: left ventricular end-diastolic volume index; LVMi: left ventricular mass index; EF: ejection fraction.

4. Discussion

A well-known consequence of systemic inflammation, as seen in SLE, are vascular changes, which contribute to the increased risk of CVD in SLE patients and alterations in cardiac function. Previous echocardiographic studies have reported alterations in LV function, increase in LVM, and LV hypertrophy in patients with SLE, in part associated with traditional risk factors of age, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes [26]. Our study is in agreement with these studies, with our cohort demonstrating increased LVMi and moreover, decreased LVEF and decreased myocardial strain, reflecting global LV remodeling contributing to LV dysfunction in our SLE cohort [26-29]. Alterations in myocardial strain in SLE patients, seen in our cohort as well as other studies, further reinforces the impact of SLE on cardiac function. Impairment in longitudinal strain has been suggested as an index for evaluating ventricular function and as a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity [30, 31]. Recent studies using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) have reported that SLE patients show impairment in cardiac strain reflecting cardiac dysfunction [32-34]. Nikdoust et al. reported that SLE patients with no reported cardiac symptoms had significant decreases in longitudinal strain [32], whilst Taha et al. showed that SLE patients with active disease had impairment in longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain on STE [33]. In line with these studies, we have observed impaired cardiac strain on cMRI, which is comparable to STE in measuring strain, radial strain is decreased by approximately 20% in our SLE cohort compared to reference controls from the same center, and circumferential and longitudinal strain approximately 10% changed.

Interestingly, disease activity may also be associated to cardiac dysfunction in SLE patients. Both ESR and CRP are non-specific markers of inflammation, being increased in malignancy, infection and autoimmune disease [35]. In SLE, both markers tend to increase with disease exacerbations, making them potentially useful biomarkers of disease activity [20]. CRP levels have previously been associated with cardiac abnormalities in SLE patients on cMRI [6, 36]. Using STE, Zhong et al. demonstrated that disease activity and markers of inflammation (specifically CRP, ESR and C3/C4) correlated with decreased speckle strain parameters, indicating subclinical myocardial injury [34]. In our cohort, cardiac strain and LV function (EF, LVSV, and LVESV) show a moderate to strong correlation with SLICC DI, as a measure of damage accrual in SLE, in addition to markers of systemic inflammation and disease activity such as CRP and ESR. In addition, SLICC DI and CRP levels also correlate with changes in native T1 time and ECV, both of which are indicative of cardiac fibrosis, a strong predictor of subclinical LV dysfunction. Although, previous studies have shown that higher SLICC DI scores have been associated with macrovascular effects, with studies demonstrating SLE subjects with higher SLICC DI scores to have higher risk of developing MACE [37] and increased plaque development [38, 39], ours is the first study to demonstrate that SLICC DI may also be a useful tool in identifying microvascular effects and subclinical atherosclerotic disease.

In SLE, the systemic inflammation and release of proinflammatory cytokines negatively affect insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance [42, 43]. As such, fasting insulin levels are typically elevated in SLE patients [44]. Interestingly, our study demonstrated that lower fasting insulin levels were moderately associated with both increased LVM and ECV, with the latter associated with cardiac fibrosis. Insulin is known to play a role in adaption to myocardial stress, with insulin resistance contributing to worsening cardiac function [45]. Recent studies have identified low fasting insulin levels as an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure without diabetes mellitus [46]. Insulin also affects fatty acid lipolysis, leading to reduced plasma fatty acid levels likely contributing to decreased effect of traditional CVD risk factors [47]. As such, our study suggests that low insulin levels in SLE patients may be an important prognostic factor in cardiac dysfunction.

In addition to macrovascular disease, SLE patients are at risk for microvascular dysfunction, as seen in our study which demonstrated that 40 % of SLE subjects had CMD on cMRI. Although the SLE subjects with CMD were overall similar to the subjects without CMD, subjects without CMD had higher LVMi compared to either SLE subjects with CMD or reference controls. This may have been driven by two SLE subjects who had MPRI > 1.84 and the highest LVMi and LVEDV of the group, possibly representing subclinical nonischemic SLE-related dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype. Since late gadolinium enhancement and myocardial T2 were normal in these two subjects, SLE myocarditis is an unlikely pathophysiologic mechanism for this finding. While LVMi is predictive of adverse cardiovascular events including heart failure [48-50], a larger sample size is needed to determine whether CMD in SLE patients with chest pain is related to lower LVMi or whether the absence of CMD suggests an alternative chest pain pathophysiology such as coronary vasospasm that may be related to higher LVMi. Since cMRI can identify early pathophysiologic structural and functional changes prior to the onset of clinically overt cardiovascular disease, cMRI has potential to enhance the understanding of SLE disease activity [51].

4.1 Limitations

This study has several limitations that should be addressed. First, this was a single center study with a small sample size. Future prospective studies with larger populations are required. Secondly, invasive coronary function testing was not carried out to diagnose coronary vasospasm to explain the patients without CMD but with chest pain had an alternative chest pathophysiology. Further research is required to determine this. Thirdly, further research is required to understand the contribution low insulin levels play in cardiac dysfunction in SLE, such as molecular assessment of immune cell responses to insulin and whether insulin signaling contributes to reduction of inflammation in SLE immune cells.

5. Conclusion

This study confirms the association between markers of inflammation in autoimmune disease such as ESR and CRP potential subclinical atherosclerotic disease in SLE patients on cMRI. It also reveals for the first time that patients with high SLICC DI may be more at risk for developing changes in left ventricular function and subclinical CVD. Similarly, low insulin levels were observed to correlate with increased LVMi and ECV, suggesting a cardioprotective effect of insulin in SLE patients. Our findings underline the potential of non-invasive cMRI as a tool for monitoring cardiovascular function in SLE, particularly in patients with high SLICC DI, ESR and CRP and low fasting insulin levels.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by contracts from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) R01 AI164504, Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program W81XWH-18-1- 0709, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) R01 HL090957, R01 HL146158, R01 HL153500, N01-HV-68161, N01-HV-68162, N01-HV-68163, N01-HV-68164, U0164829, U01HL649141, U01 HL649241, 1R03AG032631 from the National Institute on Aging, GCRC grant MO1-RR00425 from the National Center for Research Resources, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) grant UL1TR000124, and grants the Edythe L. Broad and the Constance Austin Women’s Heart Research Fellowships, the Barbra Streisand Women’s Cardiovascular Research and Education Program, the Linda Joy Pollin Women’s Heart Health Program, and the Erika J. Glazer Women’s Heart Research Initiative, and the Adelson Family Foundation, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.

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