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Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Adsorption of Pb and Cd Onto Coir Pith and Statistical Analysis

Article Information

Padma Amarasinghe*, Kasun Amarasinghe

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding Author: Padma Amarasinghe, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Received: 20 November 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020

Citation: Padma Amarasinghe, Kasun Amarasinghe. Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficients for Adsorption of Pb and Cd Onto Coir Pith and Statistical Analysis. Journal of Analytical Techniques and Research 2 (2020): 137-148.

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Abstract

Adsorption of Pb and Cd ions onto coir pith from single solute aqueous solutions was studied. Experimental data on variation of solute concentration in the solution with time were fitted to exponential kinetic model and model parameters were determined. New parameter, concentration decay constant, was introduced to comprehend the adsorption rate. Novel method was introduced to determine the liquid film mass transfer coefficient (kL) accurately using the exponential kinetic model equation. Liquid film mass transfer coefficient and Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient were calculated and the proposed method overcomes the errors due to approximation of initial rate of change of solute concentration and assumption of linear isotherm parameters. Statistical analysis of mass transfer coefficients showed that for all the parameters tested the variation of the parameters are significant with initial solution concentration for Pb.

Keywords

Coir pith; Pb; Cd; Adsorption; Concentration decay; Mass transfer coefficients (KL); Statistical analysis

Coir pith articles; Pb articles; Cd articles; Adsorption articles; Concentration decay articles; Mass transfer coefficients (KL) articles; Statistical analysis articles

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Article Details

Introduction

Rapid industrialization over the past few decades has caused many adverse effects on the environment. Release of heavy metals into water streams is of major concern. Among many methods available for removal of heavy metals from water researchers have paid considerable attention on adsorption. Plant materials have been used as low cost adsorbents in many researches. Tea waste, rice husk, coir pith, corn cobs, sunflower stalks and many other biomass materials have been tested for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater [1-6]. However, most of the batch adsorption work is limited to determination of equilibrium data, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. Mass transfer coefficient is an important parameter in any unit operation and less attention has been paid for this aspect in adsorption studies. Few researchers who have studied on mass transfer coefficient calculations have limited the studies to approximate methods and linear form of equilibrium isotherms [7-9]. Therefore, the objectives of this work are to investigate on removal of Cd and Pb using coir pith as an adsorbent, to determine mass transfer coefficients for the process and to analyze the results statistically.

Theory on Mass Transfer Coefficient Calculations

Adsorption of Pb and Cd ions onto coir pith from the aqueous phase involves three stages [7-9];

  1. I. Transport of heavy metal ions through the fluid film around the particle.
  2. II. Diffusion of heavy metal ions from the surface through the pores to internal active sites.
  3. III. Adsorption of metal ions on the active sites, through binding of the ions to the active sites.

Last step is usually rapid and hence steps one or two becomes the rate limiting step. The rate of mass transfer is determined using mass transfer coefficients and the driving force. Hence, calculation of the mass transfer coefficients and determination of the rate controlling step are important for any adsorption process. Theory on mass transfer used for mass transfer coefficient calculation is discussed in this section.

Liquid Film Mass Transfer Coefficient

For batch adsorption processes concentration of the solute in the bulk solution can be assumed to be constant. Then, the first step in mass transfer analysis is the diffusion of the solute through the film around the adsorbent particle. Driving force for the mass transfer across the film is the Where, C is the heavy metal concentration in the solution at time t (mg/L), Cs is the heavy metal concentration in the solution at solid surface time t (mg/L), The rate of change of heavy metal concentration in the solution is given by equation 1 [7,8,10,11-13].

image

t is the time in s, kL liquid film mass transfer coefficient in m/s and S is the surface area of the adsorbent per unit volume of the particle free solution (m-1).

At time t=0, Cs=0, C=C0 and hence the liquid film mass transfer coefficient is given by equation 2.

image

Liquid film mass transfer coefficient can be determined from the gradient of the C/C0 verses time plot at time = 0.

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient

Another method of mass transfer analysis is by combining the film diffusion and diffusion in the particle together. Some authors express this method as lumped parameter mass transfer analysis [10]. Rate of change of solution concentration can be expressed in terms of the overall mass transfer coefficient (KL) as per equation 3 [9,10,14-16].

image

Where, KL is liquid phase overall mass transfer coefficient in m/s, S is surface area of the adsorbent per unit volume of particle free solution in m-1, C is the solute concentration in the solution at time t, C* is the solute concentration in the solution in equilibrium with the adsorbent at time t.

Overall mass transfer coefficient can be determined from the equation (4) obtained by rearranging and integrating the equation 3 between the boundary conditions; when t=0, C=C0, q=0, C*=0 and when t=t, C=C, q=q, C*=equilibrium concentration of solution with q where q is the solid phase solute concentration (mg/g) at time t.

image

The relation between q and C atαgiven time can be obtained by the material balance. Applying the material balance for the solute (metal ion) at t = t equation 5 is obtained.

image

Where W is the weight of adsorbent in the solution (g/L)

Solute uptake (q) and C* are related by the equilibrium isotherm equations [5,7,17]. In this study Freundlich isotherm given by equation 6 was observed as the best fit and presented.

image

Hence, the C* value corresponding to any C value can be determined from equations (5) and (6) and the integral on the right hand side of the equation 4 can be determined graphically or analytically and KL can be calculated. Combining equations 4, 5 and 6, Equation 7 is obtained which can be used to determine KL when experimental data is available or to determine the time required forαgiven concentration drop when KL and equilibrium data are known.

image

Materials and Methods

Preparation of the Adsorbent

Coir pith (CP) was obtained from Sri Lankan coir mills. The coir pith was washed with hot water at 80°C several times until the water was virtually colourless. The bio mass was then washed with distilled water and were oven dried for 12 hrs at 85°C. The dried material was sieved and stored in sealed polythene bags. The fraction between 350-850 mm was used for all the experiments.

Synthetic Waste Water Preparation

Synthetic wastewater solutions were prepared by dissolving analytical grade Pb (NO3) and Cd (NO3)2. 3H2O in distilled water to obtain 1000 mg of metal/L solutions. The solution was diluted to the required concentration for experiments. The pH of the solution was measured and observed as 5.5±0.5 and no chemicals were added to change pH. Our previous works on adsorption of heavy metal ions [5] have shown that biomass materials possess highest adsorption above pH 5.

Adsorption Tests

Batch adsorption tests were conducted at room temperature 25°C by mixing known weight of adsorbent and solution of known single metal-ion concentration. The mixture was shaken inαmechanical shaker and samples of solution were withdrawn from the bottle at known time intervals and analyzed for the metal ion using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Experiments were conducted to determine the kinetics and equilibrium data for adsorption of Cd and Pb onto coir pith.

The adsorption experiments were performed in duplicate to observe the reproducibility.

Metal Analysis and Adsorbent Characterization

Atomic absorption spectrophotometer with an air-acetylene flame and hollow cathode lamps for Pb and Cd was used for metal ion analysis. The absorbance of the samples was read in triplicate. True and bulk densities of adsorbents were also determined using the specific gravity bottle method. The particle size was measured by sieve analysis.

Results and Discussion

Physical Properties of Coir Pith

Physical properties of the adsorbent coir pith, mean particle size, bulk density and true density were observed as 513 mm, 116 kg/m3 and 799 kg/m3 respectively.

Equilibrium Isotherm

Metal ion concentrations obtained from adsorption experiments were converted to mg of metal ion adsorbed per gram of adsorbent (q) values. Equilibrium data for adsorption of each metal ion onto coir pith was fitted to Freundlich isotherm with coefficient of determination (R2) values above 0.9 and the equations 8 and 9 were obtained for Pb and Cd adsorption onto coir pith respectively. Isotherm parameters will be used to determine the mass transfer coefficients in the subsequent sections.

image

Model Fitting

Heavy metal ion concentration, C, asαfunction of time, t, data obtained from batch experiments for adsorption of Pb and Cd from single solute solutions were fitted to the exponential kinetic equation given by 10. The model parameters were determined by non-linear regression using Microsoft Excel Solver. Parameters thus obtained are presented in Table 1. Experimentally determined C/C0 verses time results are compared with fitted curves and presented in Figure 1 and 2. α and γ are dimensionless parameters and β is a parameter proportional to adsorption rate.

image

Applying boundary conditions to the equation 10; At t = 0, C/C0 = 1 and hence theoretically sum of α and γ is equal to one. When t à∞, C/C0=C/C0= γ.

  Therefore, γ= C/C0 = fraction retained in the solution,

 a = 1-g = (Co-C∞)/C0 = fraction adsorbed

Hence, the equation 10 can be further simplified as equation 11 or equation 12;

image

New parameter b is defined as the concentration decay constant. γ depends on the adsorption capacity of the given solute onto the adsorbent. Higher the adsorption capacity the lower the value of theγand vice versa. This effect can be seen from the Figure 1 and 2 and the parameter values in Table 1. Adsorption capacity of Pb onto coir pith is higher than that for Cd and hence lower values of γ were observed for Pb compared to Cd. Further, sum of a andγvalues for a given test is very close to one in all cases tested as shown in Table 1. Equations of similar form have been presented by other workers for batch adsorption [9,15].

Parameters a, b and γ values vary with the initial solution concentration C0, and the parameters were fitted to non-linear functions of C0. A program was written in Python programming language to produce 3-D plots of C/C0 as a function of C0 and time. The surface plots are shown in Figure 3 and 4, and the effect of C0 on Cd and Pb adsorption rates are clearly visualize from the plots.

Table 1: Parameters of exponential kinetic equation (equation 10) for adsorption of Pb and Cd onto coir pith at 25°C

C0

Pb

Cd

mg/L

a

b (min-1)

g

RMSE

R2

a

b (min-1)

g

RMSE

R2

50

0.959

0.441

0.040

0.0168

0.9979

0.848

0.365

0.151

0.0153

0.9978

100

0.923

0.284

0.075

0.0270

0.9942

0.550

0.297

0.449

0.0114

0.9970

150

0.834

0.271

0.163

0.0276

0.9926

0.400

0.335

0.599

0.0156

0.9898

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: C/Co vs time for adsorption of Pb ions onto coir pith at 25°C, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 2: C/Co vs time for adsorption of Cd ions onto coir pith at 25°C, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 3: Surface plots of C/Co as a function of time and C0 for adsorption of Cd ions onto coir pith at 25°C, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 4: Surface plots of C/Co as a function of time and C0 for adsorption of Pb ions onto coir pith at 25°C, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

Determination of Mass Transfer Coefficient

Liquid Film Mass Transfer Coefficient

Liquid film mass transfer coefficient, kL was calculated as follows. Derivative of the equation 10 at time à0 is given by equation 13. Combining equation 2 and the equation 13, equation 14 is obtained and can be used to determine kL.

image

Where, S is the surface area of adsorbent particles per unit volume of particle free solution. Particles were assumed to be spherical and the surface area S was calculated. Liquid film mass transfer coefficient, kL, values thus obtained are shown in Table 2. Values are in the same order of magnitude as the values obtained by Maria and Mansur (2016) for adsorption of Mn onto Bone char, Sag et.al (2000) for adsorption of Cr onto Chitin, Yao et. al (2015) for adsorption of toluene onto activated carbon and Piccin et. al. (2017) for adsorption of Acid Red 357 and Acid Black 210 by tannery solid wastes [11,12,18,19].

Table 2: Mass transfer parameters for adsorption of Pb and Cd ions onto coir pith at 25°C

Metal ion

Initial Concentration (C0)

(mg/L)

External liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL (m/s)

(Proposed method in this work, eqn 14)

External liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL (m/s)

(using initial period gradient)

Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient

KL(m/s)

eqn 4

Pb

50

1.9269 x 10-4

7.78 x 10-5

2.7927 x 10-5

100

1.1959 x 10-4

6.49 x 10-5

2.2015 x 10-5

150

1.0331 x 10-4

5.76 x 10-5

1.3284 x 10-5

Cd

50

1.4106 x 10-4

6.50 x 10-5

1.6208 x 10-5

100

7.4529 x 10-5

3.90 x 10-5

5.5866 x 10-5

150

6.1186 x 10-5

2.99 x 10-5

3.3938 x 10-5

Most of the previous work on mass transfer coefficient calculations have either assumed a linear isotherm or used the slope of the C/C0 vs time plot to determine the kL values (0 to 1 min) [8,13,20]. However, this is not accurate as the isotherms are not linear for most of the systems and further assumption Cs = 0 is valid only at t = 0. The kL values determined using the slope of the C/C0 vs t plot over the initial adsorption period are also presented in Table 2, and the results show that the use of gradient underestimates the kL value. This is because the slope is the average value over the initial period but not the exact value at t=0. Therefore, the proposed method (equation 13 and 14) in this work can be used to determine the kL value more accurately.

Further, the derivative of the equation 12, which is given by equation 15, can be used to determine the rate of change of concentration in the solution at any given time.

image

The effect of the concentration decay constant, b, on the concentration profile was analyzed by substituting b=b/4, b=b/2, b=b and b=2b onto the equation 10 for Pb and Cd at initial concentration (C0) = 100 ppm while other parameters were kept constant and the predicted values are shown in Figure 5 and 6. The predictions show that higher values of b gives rapid adsorption and vice versa. However, adsorption capacity is a factor determined by the surface properties and functional groups and the adsorption capacity remains same with change of b, the concentration decay constant.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 5: Effect of b, concentration decay constant on variation of C/C0 with time at 25°C for Cd adsorption onto coir pith; C0=r 100 ppm, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 6: Effect of b, concentration decay constant on variation of C/C0 with time at 25°C for Pb adsorption

onto coir pith; C0=r 100 ppm, adsorbent dose =2.5 g/L

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient

Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient (KL) values were calculated for Pb and Cd adsorption at various initial solution concentrations using equation 4 as follows. Solute concentration, C, as a function of time was obtained from the experiments. Solute uptake onto the adsorbent (q) were calculated from the material balance and the Freundlich isotherm equations were used to obtain the relation between q and C*. Integral on the right hand side of the equation 4 was evaluated using the trapezoidal rule. Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficients thus calculated are given in Table 2. Nurbas et al. (2002) has obtained values of KL, similar range for Cu adsorption onto Ca-Alginate [14]. The overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient (KL) values thus obtained can be used to determine the time required for a given degree of adsorption for a given adsorbent dose (w).

Statistical Analysis

Mass transfer parameters determined based on experimental data can be critically analyzed using statistical techniques. External liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL and Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient KL values calculated from batch adsorption experiments were analyzed statistically [21,22].

 

Spearman's correlation coefficient, (ρ) given by equation 16, measures the strength and direction of association between two ranked variables, in this study, initial solution heavy metal concentration, Co, and the mass transfer parameter.

image

Where di = difference in paired ranks and n = number of cases.

Statistical significance test namely p-test, was performed to find the significance of initial solution concentration, C0, on the mass transfer parameters, kLand KL.

Null Hypothesis; H0; Variation of the parameter value with C0 is not significant. Alternate Hypothesis; Variation of the parameter value with C0 is significant. Results of the Spearman correlation test and the p-test are shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Spearman correlation and p-value for statistical analysis

Metal ion

External liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL (m/s)

(Proposed method in this work)

External liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL (m/s)

(using initial period gradient)

Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient

KL (m/s)

r

P value

r

P value

r

P value

Pb

-1.0

0.0

-1.0

0.0

-1.0

0.0

Cd

-1.0

0.0

-1.0

0.0

0.5

0.666667

Statistical analysis results show that for Pb, Spearman correlation coefficient for both parameters tested is -1.0, which indicates perfect negative association between the C0 and the mass transfer parameter. However, for Cd Spearman correlation coefficient is equal to -1.0 only for external mass transfer coefficient, but Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient shows no strong relation between the parameters and the C0. Results of the p-test further confirm the above result; that p value of zero, indicating variation of the parameter value with C0, is significant except for overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient for Cd adsorption.

Further, the liquid film mass transfer coefficient kL, calculated by the method proposed in this work using the derivative of the C/C0 vs time function at t=0 was compared with the liquid film mass transfer coefficient determined by the gradient of the plot during initial adsorption period. The percentage deviation calculations show 45 to 60% deviation of the parameters calculated by two methods. This analysis further confirms that the use of initial gradient underestimates the kL vaue.

Conclusion

Adsorption of Pb and Cd ions from single ion aqueous solutions onto coir pith was studied. Experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of Pb onto coir pith is higher than that for Cd. Study on the variation of heavy metal ion concentration in the solution with time shows a rapid drop at the initial stages of the adsorption process leading to an exponential decay. New parameter, concentration decay constant, b, was defined to estimate the adsorption rate. Liquid film mass transfer coefficient was determined by a novel accurate method to overcome the inaccuracy due to underestimation of the value obtained using the gradient of the C/C0 vs t plot. Overall liquid phase mass transfer coefficient was determined by the graphical method and the method overcomes the errors due to assumption of linear isotherm equation. Mass transfer coefficients calculated are in the same order of magnitude as the values obtained by other workers for similar materials. The Statistical analysis of the mass transfer coefficients shows that the variation of the parameters with the initial solution concentration is significant for Pb.

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