Abstracting and Indexing

  • Google Scholar
  • CrossRef
  • WorldCat
  • ResearchGate
  • Academic Keys
  • DRJI
  • Microsoft Academic
  • Academia.edu
  • OpenAIRE

Knowledge and Practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management Guideline among the Nurses of Tertiary Hospitals in Capital Bangladesh

Article Information

Habiba Khanom1, Bilkis Banu3, Md Rabiul Islam2, Khurshida Khanom1, Sujana Haque Chowdhury3*, Sharmin Hossain1

1Department of Health Promotion & Health Education, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh

2Department of Public Health, Independent University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

3Department of Public Health, Northern University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Sujana Haque Chowdhury, Lecturer, Department of Public Health, Northern University Bangladesh, Ashkona (Near Haji Camp), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Received: 11 February 2022; Accepted: 25 February 2022; Published: 10 March 2022

Citation:

Habiba Khanom, Bilkis Banu, Md Rabiul Islam, Khurshida Khanom, Sujana Haque Chowdhury, Sharmin Hossain. Knowledge and Practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management Guideline among the Nurses of Tertiary Hospitals in Capital Bangladesh. Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 5 (2022): 069-080.

View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook

Abstract

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) accounts for the majority of cases of diabetes complicating pregnancy. This study aimed to delineate the levels of knowledge and practice about GDM management among the nurses of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 427 nurses of three healthcare centers of Dhaka city. Data were collected by semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview. All data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Knowledge and practice scores were categorized as poor (Mean+1SD) by predefined scores.

Result: In this present study, mean age of the respon- dents was found 27.8 ± 5.5, and level of knowledge (both basic and technical knowledge) was found to be average where basic knowledge was 66.3% and technical knowledge was 67%. Female nurses had better basic knowledge and practice regarding GDM, compared to their counterparts (p=0.002). There was a significant association with the respondent’s gender, level of education and workplace with the basic knowledge regarding GDM management. There was a significant association with the level of education and marital status of respondents with technical knowledge and regarding proper GDM management practice only monthly family income of respondent’s shows significant association.

Conclusion: The results revealed that there is a gap of knowledge and practice about the management of GDM among nurses’ capital of Bangladesh. Capacity building training should conduct regularly for young graduate nurses so that they can apply knowledge properly in the practice area.

Keywords

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), Pregnant Mother, Basic knowledge, Technical Kno-wledge, Practice, Management

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Research articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus review articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus PubMed articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus PubMed Central articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 2023 articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 2024 articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Scopus articles Gestational Diabetes Mellitus impact factor journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Scopus journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus PubMed journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus medical journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus free journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus best journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus top journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus free medical journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus famous journals Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Google Scholar indexed journals Pregnant Mother articles Pregnant Mother Research articles Pregnant Mother review articles Pregnant Mother PubMed articles Pregnant Mother PubMed Central articles Pregnant Mother 2023 articles Pregnant Mother 2024 articles Pregnant Mother Scopus articles Pregnant Mother impact factor journals Pregnant Mother Scopus journals Pregnant Mother PubMed journals Pregnant Mother medical journals Pregnant Mother free journals Pregnant Mother best journals Pregnant Mother top journals Pregnant Mother free medical journals Pregnant Mother famous journals Pregnant Mother Google Scholar indexed journals Basic knowledge articles Basic knowledge Research articles Basic knowledge review articles Basic knowledge PubMed articles Basic knowledge PubMed Central articles Basic knowledge 2023 articles Basic knowledge 2024 articles Basic knowledge Scopus articles Basic knowledge impact factor journals Basic knowledge Scopus journals Basic knowledge PubMed journals Basic knowledge medical journals Basic knowledge free journals Basic knowledge best journals Basic knowledge top journals Basic knowledge free medical journals Basic knowledge famous journals Basic knowledge Google Scholar indexed journals Technical Knowledge articles Technical Knowledge Research articles Technical Knowledge review articles Technical Knowledge PubMed articles Technical Knowledge PubMed Central articles Technical Knowledge 2023 articles Technical Knowledge 2024 articles Technical Knowledge Scopus articles Technical Knowledge impact factor journals Technical Knowledge Scopus journals Technical Knowledge PubMed journals Technical Knowledge medical journals Technical Knowledge free journals Technical Knowledge best journals Technical Knowledge top journals Technical Knowledge free medical journals Technical Knowledge famous journals Technical Knowledge Google Scholar indexed journals Practice articles Practice Research articles Practice review articles Practice PubMed articles Practice PubMed Central articles Practice 2023 articles Practice 2024 articles Practice Scopus articles Practice impact factor journals Practice Scopus journals Practice PubMed journals Practice medical journals Practice free journals Practice best journals Practice top journals Practice free medical journals Practice famous journals Practice Google Scholar indexed journals Management articles Management Research articles Management review articles Management PubMed articles Management PubMed Central articles Management 2023 articles Management 2024 articles Management Scopus articles Management impact factor journals Management Scopus journals Management PubMed journals Management medical journals Management free journals Management best journals Management top journals Management free medical journals Management famous journals Management Google Scholar indexed journals pregnancy articles pregnancy Research articles pregnancy review articles pregnancy PubMed articles pregnancy PubMed Central articles pregnancy 2023 articles pregnancy 2024 articles pregnancy Scopus articles pregnancy impact factor journals pregnancy Scopus journals pregnancy PubMed journals pregnancy medical journals pregnancy free journals pregnancy best journals pregnancy top journals pregnancy free medical journals pregnancy famous journals pregnancy Google Scholar indexed journals pregnancy diabetes articles pregnancy diabetes Research articles pregnancy diabetes review articles pregnancy diabetes PubMed articles pregnancy diabetes PubMed Central articles pregnancy diabetes 2023 articles pregnancy diabetes 2024 articles pregnancy diabetes Scopus articles pregnancy diabetes impact factor journals pregnancy diabetes Scopus journals pregnancy diabetes PubMed journals pregnancy diabetes medical journals pregnancy diabetes free journals pregnancy diabetes best journals pregnancy diabetes top journals pregnancy diabetes free medical journals pregnancy diabetes famous journals pregnancy diabetes Google Scholar indexed journals hyperglycemia articles hyperglycemia Research articles hyperglycemia review articles hyperglycemia PubMed articles hyperglycemia PubMed Central articles hyperglycemia 2023 articles hyperglycemia 2024 articles hyperglycemia Scopus articles hyperglycemia impact factor journals hyperglycemia Scopus journals hyperglycemia PubMed journals hyperglycemia medical journals hyperglycemia free journals hyperglycemia best journals hyperglycemia top journals hyperglycemia free medical journals hyperglycemia famous journals hyperglycemia Google Scholar indexed journals pregnancy period articles pregnancy period Research articles pregnancy period review articles pregnancy period PubMed articles pregnancy period PubMed Central articles pregnancy period 2023 articles pregnancy period 2024 articles pregnancy period Scopus articles pregnancy period impact factor journals pregnancy period Scopus journals pregnancy period PubMed journals pregnancy period medical journals pregnancy period free journals pregnancy period best journals pregnancy period top journals pregnancy period free medical journals pregnancy period famous journals pregnancy period Google Scholar indexed journals

Article Details

1. Background

Gestational diabetes is a significant medical problem in this 21st century, a large portion of the population is living with diabetes around the world [1]. In 2019, it was assessed that 463 million individuals have diabetes and this number is projected to arrive at 578 million by 2030, and 700 million by 2045. It is expected that 15.8% (20.4 million) of live births are influenced by hyperglycemia in pregnancy in 2019 of which 83.6% were because of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), even though 7.9% were the after effect of diabetes recognized before pregnancy and 8.5% because of diabetes type 1 and type 2 are first identified in pregnancy [1]. South-east Asia (SEA) is considered the epic center of the diabetes epidemic, containing most of the populous countries in the world, securing demographic, epidemiologic, and socio-economic [2, 3]. Bangladesh is a developing country with an increased prevalence of diabetes, including GDM [2, 3]. As a SEA country, the pre-valence of GDM takes grew in Bangladesh. Several population-based studies showcased Bangladesh at different time points, exposing an increasing trend of GDM prevalence ranging from 6% to 14% according to the usage of different diagnostic criteria [2, 3].

The prevalence of gestational diabetes (GDM) goes from 8.2% in rural Bangladesh to 12.9%. Especially undiagnosed instances of women with diabetes in pregnancy are a critical worry in Bangladesh, where the economic wellbeing of women is low bringing about imbalances in regards to medical services access and sustenance [4]. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) report in 2017, it is assessed 21.3 million or 16.2% of live births to women in 2017 had cases of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, 86.4% cases were reasons for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 6.2% produced for diabetes recognized before pregnancy, 7.4% emerge due to different sorts of diabetes (counting type 1 and type 2 diabetes) first distinguished in pregnancy [5]. The SEA region having the highest prevalence at 24.2% associated with 10.4% in the Africa Region. Maxi-mum (88%) cases of hyperglycemia were discovered in the pregnancy period, mostly happening in low and middle-income countries, maternal care is limited [5]. In Bangladesh, 7-14% of women are victims of diabetes in their reproductive age [6, 7]. The Fasting blood glucose (FBG) ≥ 5.8 moll/l in pregnancy are connected to the risk of intrauterine death [8]. Multiparous women showed a high prevalence of GDM (∼13%) [9]. Maternal mortality increased for Hyperglycemia/GDM, leading to chances of the high rate of maternal morbidity, high rate of perinatal, neonatal morbidity, and after a long term, conseq-uences for both mother and child. Tertiary hospitals for health providers occur due to a lack of services, it’s essential to have information with knowledge and practice on GDM management for nurses that are the main responsible people, but no published study was discovered to assess this issue in the Bangladesh context. This study was planned to assess the know-ledge and practice on GDM management among the nurses. Studies of this information should help to plan and implement a sustainable health program to combat GDM.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Study design

This cross-sectional study was adopted based on descriptive approach. Semi-structured data were collected to portrait the knowledge and practice of gestational diabetes mellitus management guidelines among the nurses of capital Bangladesh.

2.2 Study participants, sample size and sampling

A total 427 nurses were randomly enrolled in this study. Data were collected from three selected terti-ary level healthcare centers i.e. Maternal & Child Health Training Institute, Institute of Child & Mother Health and Dhaka Medical College & Hospital of Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Initially it was assumed that a potential standard sample size 384 would be taken by using the formula “n= ‘Z2pq/d2” where Z (standard normal deviate) considered as 1.96; p (the prevalence of knowledge and practice of gestational diabetes mellitus management guidelines) was un-known and was considered as 0.50 and margin of error was considered as 0.05. With a minimum cal-culated sample, an additional 11% was added as cushion to take into account non-response and ques-tionnaire error factors and the final samples were 427. Study subjects were selected by systematic rand-om sampling from the selected nurses list of the health facilities followed inclusion criteria.

2.3 Data collection

Data were gathered by pre-tested, semi-structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Inter-view was administered in an out-patient department setting by using a face-to-face technique. The survey was administered in local Bengali language with the utmost support of the hospital authority.

2.4 Ethical considerations

This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (memo no: BUSH/BIO/EA/19/165) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. Participa-tion of the respondents was anonymous and volun-tary. Informed consent was sought from the respon-dents at the beginning of the survey and participants could withdraw from the survey at any time.

2.5 Questionnaire design

A three-section questionnaire was developed by the researcher. The question was drafted according to the specific objectives, and variables. The first section was containing socio-demographic information of nurses; the second section was about basic and technical knowledge related question on GDM and the third section include practice-related questions of GDM. The questionnaire was finalized after comple-ting the pre-test. The knowledge related to the mana-gement of the GDM questionnaire was validated by the Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS) and was modified for the data collection. Variables were also basically modified according to the local guidelines for GDM management which document was developed for the GDM management in 2012 by the WDF-GDM (World Diabetic Foun-dation-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) project sup-orted by Bangladesh Diabetic Association (BADAS). After the development of this document, it was distributed among 3800 health care providers in 64 districts of Bangladesh through 18 training programs.

2.6 Data analysis

Quality of data was checked and analyzed employing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows version 20. The knowledge level was categorized by the individual respondent’s scores. Poor knowledge corresponded to a score of (Mean+1SD) [10]. This study was followed the statistically significant level as a probability value (p-value) of ≤0.05. Frequencies were calculated for descriptive analysis. All category-cal variables were summarized as counts and percen-tages with their distributions using Chi-square test.

3. Results

3.1 Participants’ socio-demographic characteristi-cs of the study subjects (n=427)

The table shows that the mean age of the respondents was 27.8 ± 5.5 where a majority of the respondents (44.5%) were in less than 25 years, 50.8% were in 26-40 years, and only 4.7% were in higher than 41 years. Female preponderance (85%) was observed throughout the study. Among 427 respondents, a majority (41.5%) of the respondents had completed a Diploma in nursing science and midwifery followed by 20.6 % completed Diploma in midwifery, 14.8% of the respondents had completed post-Basic in nursing, 10.1% of the respondents had completed Master in Public Health (MPH), 7.5% Bachelor in Science (B.Sc.) in nursing, 5.2% Master in Science (M.Sc.) in nursing and only 0.5 of the respondents had completed Doctoral degree (Ph.D.). The majority of the respondents (52.9%) were Muslim. Most of the respondents (87.4%) were living in the urban area. 84.8% of the respondents were single. The majority (44.3%) of the families earned 30,000 to 40,000 taka followed by 38.9% of the respondent’s family earned <30,000 taka and 16.9 % of the respondent’s family earned >41,000 taka.

3.2 Level of knowledge and practice among the respondents

Figure 1 shows that, the overall level of knowledge (both basic and technical knowledge) was found to be average among the respondents. The proportion of basic knowledge was 66.3% and technical knowledge was 67%. Only the slightest percentage of respon-dents had a good level of basic knowledge (17.8%) and technical knowledge (17.3%). Regarding the level of practice, the majority (73.8%) of the respondents had an average practice where only 13.3% of the respondents had a good level of practice on GDM guidelines.

3.3 Predictors of basic knowledge

Table 2 shows that, on bivariate analysis, a positive and significant (p<0.05) association was found bet-ween basic knowledge regarding GDM management and respondent’s gender, level of education & work-place status. Findings also indicated that the female participants, whose education level was Diploma in Midwifery and whose workplace status was autono-mous, had a poor level of basic knowledge. However, there was no significant association with marital status, monthly family income, and basic knowledge. This table showed that those who were unmarried, had monthly family income between 30,000/- to 40,000/- BDT had a poor level of basic knowledge.

3.4 Predictors of technical knowledge

The data of Table 3, shows that only there was a sig-

nificant (p<0.05) association with the technical knowledge and their level of education, marital status of respondents. This study shows that those whose level of education was Diploma in nursing science and midwifery and were unmarried had a poor level of technical knowledge. But the other differences were not statistically significant (p<0.05).

3.5 Predictors of practice

The data of table 4 revealed that, only there was a significant association with the respondent’s practice and monthly family income. The findings of this study showed that those whose monthly family income was within 30,000/- BDT had a poor level of practice. But the differences for other variables were not statistically significant (p<0.05).

Variables

Frequency (n)

Percentage (%)

Age ( in years)

<25

190

44.5

26-40

217

50.8

>41

20

4.7

Gender

Male

65

15.2

Female

362

84.7

Last Degree

Diploma in nursing science & Midwifery

177

41.5

Diploma in Midwifery

88

20.6

Bachelor science in nursing

32

7.5

Post basic in nursing

63

14.8

MPH

43

10.1

M.Sc.

22

5.2

PhD

2

.5

Religion

Muslim

226

52.9

Hindu

120

28.1

Christian

65

15.2

Buddhist

16

3.7

Residence

Urban

373

87.4

Semi-urban

54

12.6

Marital Status

Single/unmarried

284

66.5

Married

140

32.8

Widowed

3

.7

Monthly family income

< 30,000/-

166

38.9

30000 to 40000

189

44.3

> 41000

72

16.9

Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of the study subjects (n=427).

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: Level of knowledge and practice among the respondents.

Variables

Levels of basic knowledge

x2

p value

Gender

Poor

Average

Good

n

%

n

%

n

%

Male

20

30.8

35

53.8

10

15.4

12.647

0.002*

Female

48

13.3

248

68.5

66

18.2

Level of Education

Diploma in nursing science & Midwifery

18

10.2

120

67.8

39

22.0

31.790

0.001*

Diploma in Midwifery

43

11.9

266

73.5

53

14.6

Bachelor Science in nursing

8

25.0

17

53.1

7

21.9

Post basic in nursing

15

23.8

39

61.9

9

14.3

MPH

10

23.3

33

76.7

0

.0

M.Sc.

7

31.8

14

63.5

1

4.5

Ph.D.

1

50.0

1

50.0

0

.0

Residence

Urban

60

16.1

244

65.4

69

18.5

1.190

0.552

Semi-urban

8

14.8

39

72.2

7

13.0

Marital Status

               

Single/unmarried

54

19.0

187

65.8

43

15.1

10.071

0.39

Married

14

10.0

93

66.4

33

23.6

Widowed

0

.0

3

100.0

0

.0

Work Place Status

Government

12

21.4

35

62.5

9

16.1

17.756

0.001*

Autonomous

29

10.6

191

69.7

54

19.7

Non-government

27

27.8

57

58.5

13

13.4

Monthly Family Income

30,000/-

26

15.7

10.2

61.4

38

22.9

5.878

0.208

30,000/- – 40,000/-

30

15.9

134

70.9

25

13.2

>41,000/-

12

16.7

47

65.3

13

18.1

n=number of respondents; %= percentage; *=significant

Table 2: Association between levels of basic knowledge with socio-demographic characteristics among the respondents (n=427).

Variables

Levels of Technical knowledge

x2

p value

Gender

Poor

Average

Good

n

%

n

%

n

%

Male

12

18.5

48

73.8

5

7.7

5.024

0.081

Female

55

15.2

238

65.7

69

19.1

Level of Education

Diploma in nursing science & Midwifery

31

17.5

103

55.2

43

24.3

26.88

0.008*

Diploma in Midwifery

11

12.5

61

69.3

16

18.2

Bachelor Science in nursing

4

12.5

20

62.5

8

25.0

Post basic in nursing

12

190

46

73.0

5

7.9

MPH

.8

18.5

34

79.1

1

2.3

M.Sc.

1

4.5

20

90.9

1

4.5

Ph.D.

0

.0

2

100.0

0

.0

Residence

Urban

64

17.2

244

65.4

6.5

17.4

5.139

0.077

Semi-urban

3

5.6

42

77.8

9

16.7

Marital Status

Single/unmarried

52

18.3

194

68.3

38

13.4

13.483

0.009*

Married

15

10.7

89

63.6

36

25.7

Widowed

0

.0

3

100.0

0

.0

Work Place Status

Government

11

19.6

39

69.9

6

10.7

5.223

0.265

Autonomous

38

13.9

181

66.1

55

20.1

Non-government

18

18.6

66

68.0

13

13.4

Monthly Family Income

30,000/-

29

17.5

111

66.9

26

15.7

5.446

0.244

30,000/- – 40,000/-

29

15.3

131

69.3

29

15.3

>41,000/-

9

12.5

44

61.1

19

26.4

n=number of respondents; %= percentage; *=significant

Table 3: Association between levels of technical knowledge with socio-demographic information among the respondents (n=427).

Variables

Levels of Practice

x2

p value

Gender

Poor

Average

Good

n

%

n

%

n

%

Male

12

18.4

49

75.4

4

6.2

4.855

.088

Female

43

11.9

266

73.5

53

14.6

Level of Education

Diploma in nursing science & Midwifery

20

11.3

127

71.8

30

16.9

13.61

0.326

Diploma in Midwifery

13

14.8

62

70.5

13

14.8

Bachelor science in nursing

2

6.2

24

75.0

6

18.8

Post basic in nursing

8

12.7

49

77.8

6

9.5

MPH

9

20.9

33

76.7

1

2.3

M.Sc.

3

13.6

18

81.8

1

4.5

Ph.D.

0

.0

2

100.0

0

.0

Residence

Urban

53

14.2

269

72.1

51

13.7

5.365

0.068

Semi-urban

2

3.7

46

85.2

6

11.1

Marital Status

Single/unmarried

41

14.4

213

75.0

30

10.6

8.085

0.89

Married

14

10.0

39

70.0

27

19.3

Widowed

0

.0

3

100.0

0

.0

Work Place Status

Government

8

14.3

44

78.6

4

7.1

6.964

0.138

Autonomous

39

14.2

192

70.1

43

15.7

Non-government

8

8.2

79

81.4

10

10.3

Monthly Family Income

30,000/-

31

8.7

112

67.5

23

13.9

20.991

0.001*

30,000/- – 40,000/-

18

9.5

155

82.0

16

8.5

>41,000/-

6

8.3

48

66.7

18

25.0

n=number of respondents; %= percentage; *=significant

Table 4: Association between levels of practice with socio-demographic information among the respondents (n=427).

4. Discussion

The main objectives of this survey were to determine the level of both basic knowledge and technical knowledge related to GDM management among the nurses. The present study revealed that the level of knowledge (both basic and technical knowledge), found the maximum respondents are staying with average knowledge there are basic knowledge 66.3 % and technical knowledge 67%, minimum respondents are staying with poor knowledge there are basic knowledge 15.9 % and technical knowledge 15.7% and middle level are good range is basic knowledge 17.8 % and technical knowledge 17.3%. The good basic knowledge (15% vs 18%), Technical Know-ledge (8% vs 19%) and practice (6% vs 15%) towards GDM were found poorer among male parti-cipants compared to their counterparts. The study revealed that females had better basic knowledge and practice regarding GDM, compared to their count-erparts (p= 0.002) (Figure 1). This is similar to another study conducted Morocco to found public health care providers have a basic understanding of gestational diabetes but screening and management practices are not uniform, All providers stated they had heard about gestational diabetes (GDM) and 89% described it correctly as a form of diabetes occurring during pregnancy. Most of the respondents (87.9%) had previously encountered women affected by GDM. The majority of providers stated that GDM occurred during pregnancy without specifying a period time (77.7%; 66) while 22.4% (19) indicated that GDM would start later in pregnancy, either in the second or even in the third trimester [10]. Second similar to another study conducted Bangladesh to found Approximately 16%, 66%, and 18% of respon-dents had good, average, and poor (GAP) basic knowledge respectively and 10%, 78%, and 12% of respondents had GAP technical know-ledge, about DM. About 90% of respondents from both basic and technical GAP did not test their blood glucose regul-arly; a significant relationship existed between basic knowledge and glucose monitoring. Technical know-ledge and foot care were significantly related, though 81% with good technical know-ledge and about 70% from average and poor groups did not take care of their feet. Approximately 85%, 71%, and 52% of the GAP technical knowledge group, consumed betel nuts; a significant relationship existed between tech-nical knowledge and consum-ption of betel nuts. Around 88%, 92%, and 98% of GAP technical knowledge groups failed to follow dietary advice from a diabetes educator. About 26%, 42%, and 51% of GAP basic and technical sometimes ate meals at a fixed time (p < 0.05). Approximately one-third of respondents in each basic knowledge group and 29%, 32%, and 32% of GAP technical knowledge groups partially followed rules for mea-suring food before eating. Total basic knowledge (TBK) and the busi-ness profession were significant independent predi-ctors of good practice. OR for TBK: 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.60); OR for business profession 9.05 (95% CI: 1.17 to 70.09) [11].

The present study revealed or found that the level of practice among 427 respondents, majority 73.8% of the respondents were average practice group, and minority 13.3 % of the respondents were good prac-tice groups. This is similar to another study conduc-ted in Morocco to find after diagnosing GDM, 88.5% of providers refer patients to specialists, and only 11.5% treat them as outpatients. There was a signify-cant association with the respondent’s gender, level of education and a workplace with basic knowledge regarding GDM management. However, there was no association with marital status, monthly family income, and basic knowledge (Table 2). The data shows that there was a significant association with the level of education and marital status of respon-dents with technical knowledge (Table 3). The data revealed that only there was a significant association with the respondent’s practice and monthly family income (Table 4). This is similar to another study conducted in Morocco to found 56.8% of the doctors had some pre-service training on gestational diabetes, most nurses and midwives lack such training. Only 36.1% of 97 health care workers who answered the question related to training stated their pre-service training included aspects of GDM. Overall, 56.8% (21) of doctors reported being taught about GDM during their studies whereas only 23.3% (14) of the nurses and midwives stated they did receive any pre-service training on GDM [10].

5. Conclusions

This study revealed that the majority of the nurses had an average level of basic (66.3%) and technical (67.0%) knowledge as well as practice (73.8%). Moreover, results indicated that poor level of basic, technical knowledge and practice were more visua-lized among the female and unmarried participants, those with completed Diploma in Midwifery course, who worked in autonomous organizations, resided in the urban area and monthly family income was within 30,000/- BDT.

Recommendations

This study recommends that, as the number of female nurses in the nursing profession is high and many patients are under pressure in the tertiary hospitals of the city, they have to be under a lot of workloads. Therefore, to reduce this workload, there needs to make an administratively specific plan. The nurses who are unmarried and have completed the diploma course they need to further increase their knowledge through professional training. Then they will be able to ensure the better services of GDM patients inclu-ding all types of patients properly. Finally, there need to proper educational training about the GDM mana-gement guideline and preventive measure to decrease the prevalence and complication rate of GDM. More-over, a strong follow-up system needs to introduce to increase the practice level to manage GDM properly.

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement to all the study participants.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared that there was no conflict of interest.

Funding

Self-funded.

References

  1. Atlas D. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation (2019).
  2. Sayeed MA, Mahtab H, Khanam PA, et al. Diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy in a rural community of Bangladesh: a popula-tion-based study. Diabetic medicine 22 (2005): 1267-1271.
  3. Jesmin S, Akter S, Akashi H, et al. Scree-ning for gestational diabetes mellitus and its prevalence in Bangladesh. Diabetes research and clinical practice 103 (2014): 57-62.
  4. Community based detection and surveillance of Gestational Diabetes.
  5. Edition ID. International Diabetes Federa-tion. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation (2017).
  6. Fuhrmann K, Reiher H, Semmler K, et al. Prevention of congenital malformations in infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Diabetes care 6 (1983): 219-223.
  7. Carpenter MW, Coustan DR. Criteria for screening tests for gestational diabetes. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gyne-cology 144 (1982): 768-773.
  8. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus (position statement). Dia-betes Care 23 (2000): S77-S79.
  9. Wagaarachchi T, Fernando L, Premachadra P, et al. Screening based on risk factors for gestational diabetes in an Asian population. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 21 (2001): 32-34.
  10. Utz B, Assarag B, Essolbi A, et al. Knowledge and practice related to gestat-ional diabetes among primary health care providers in Morocco: Potential for a defra-gmentation of care?. Primary care diabetes 11 (2017): 389-396.
  11. Saleh F, Mumu SJ, Ara F, et al. Knowledge and self-care practices regarding diabetes among newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health 12 (2012): 1112.

Journal Statistics

Impact Factor: * 3.2

CiteScore: 2.9

Acceptance Rate: 11.01%

Time to first decision: 10.4 days

Time from article received to acceptance: 2-3 weeks

Discover More: Recent Articles

Grant Support Articles

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved!