Dr.nur -un-naher nazme¹, Dr. Mst. Shorifa Rani², Dr. Tasnim Mahmud³*

¹junior consultant (0bs&gynae), 250bed general hospital. Joypurhat.

²Junior consultant (Obs and Gynae), Upazilla health complex Charghat, Rajshahi.

³Department of Public Health, North South University Dhaka, Bangladesh

*Corresponding authors: Dr. Tasnim Mahmud, Department of Public Health, North South University Dhaka, Bangladesh

Received: 01 December 2025; Accepted: 08 December 2025; Published: 17 December 2025

Article Information

Citation: Dr.nur -un-naher nazme, Dr. Mst. Shorifa Rani, Dr. Tasnim Mahmud. Patterns of Primary Surgical Indications in Laparotomy Cases Following LUCS and TAH. Obstetrics and Gynecology Research. 8 (2025): 197-202.

DOI: 10.26502/ogr0196

Abstract

Keywords

Laparotomy; LUCS; surgery; TAH

Article Details

Introduction:

Emergency laparotomy is a major surgical intervention performed to manage life-threatening intra-abdominal conditions such as haemorrhage, sepsis, or organ perforation. It is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially when carried out as a re-exploration following obstetric or gynaecological procedures [1,2]. Despite improvements in surgical techniques, anaesthesia, and perioperative care, postoperative complications after abdominal operations remain a significant global challenge [3].

In obstetric practice, caesarean section (CS) is one of the most commonly performed major surgeries worldwide. The rising global trend of CS, often exceeding the World Health Organization’s recommended limit of 10–15 %, has been linked to an increased risk of postoperative complications and the need for subsequent surgical interventions such as relaparotomy [4,5]. Factors including uterine rupture, postpartum haemorrhage, wound infection, and bladder or bowel injury contributes to the need for emergency re-exploration following CS [6,7].

Similarly, in gynaecological surgery, total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) remains a standard operation for benign uterine disorders such as fibroids, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and bulky uterus [8,9]. Although generally safe, hysterectomy can occasionally lead to postoperative complications such as haemorrhage, pelvic abscess, intestinal obstruction, or urinary tract injury, sometimes necessitating further laparotomy [10,11].

The burden of relaparotomy following obstetric and gynaecological surgeries is particularly concerning in low- and middle-income countries, where limited resources, delayed presentation, and restricted access to advanced perioperative support can worsen patient outcomes [12,13]. Understanding the initial indications that led to these primary surgeries is therefore essential in identifying high-risk cases, improving intraoperative decision-making, and reducing the frequency of re-explorations [14].

This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the distribution of indications for primary Lower Uterine Caesarean Section (LUCS) and Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) among patients who subsequently underwent laparotomy.

Study Design:

This study was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study conducted from November 2011 to April 2012, in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH), Bangladesh. The study period covered all cases managed during a defined timeframe in which patients underwent laparotomy following a primary obstetric or gynaecological surgery. Hospital records, operative notes, and discharge summaries were reviewed to extract relevant data.

The study population comprised all female patients who underwent relaparotomy (re-exploration of the abdomen) after an initial obstetric or gynaecological operation within the study period. A total of 41 patients were included in the final analysis. Among them, 34 cases had previously undergone a Lower Uterine Segment Caesarean Section (LUCS), and 7 cases had undergone a Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) as their primary surgery.

Inclusion Criteria

• • Patients who underwent laparotomy following LUCS or TAH.
• • Cases with complete hospital records containing operative and postoperative details.
• • Patients admitted to or referred to RMCH during the study period.

Exclusion Criteria

• • Patients who underwent laparotomy for reasons unrelated to obstetric or gynaecological surgery.
• • Incomplete medical records or missing operative documentation.
• • Patients referred after undergoing laparotomy elsewhere.

Data Collection Procedure

Data were collected retrospectively from hospital case sheets, operative registers, and patient discharge summaries. The following variables were recorded: age, indication of primary surgery, time interval between primary surgery and laparotomy, duration of hospital stay, surgical findings, and patient outcome. Each variable was carefully cross-checked to ensure accuracy and completeness of the data.

Statistical Analysis

All data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize the data. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables such as surgical indication, time interval between surgeries, and outcomes. Results were presented in tabular form for clarity. Quantitative data such as hospital stay were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) where appropriate.

Ethical Considerations

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital prior to data collection. As this was a retrospective study, patient confidentiality was strictly maintained, and no personal identifiers were used in the analysis or reporting.

Result:

This present study resembles that, a total of 13688 patients were admitted in Obs and Gynae Department of Rajshahi Medical College hospital out of which 41 (0.299%) patients underwent relaparotomy.

Table 1 (A): Distribution by Indication of primary surgery (LUCS) who under-went laparotomy (n=41)

Table 1 (A) resembles distribution by Indication of primary surgery (LUCS) who under-went laparotomy. Among the 34 patients who underwent laparotomy following LUCS, the most frequent indication for the primary surgery was term pregnancy with a previous cesarean section (17.07%), followed by term pregnancy with oligohydramnios (14.64%). Other relatively frequent causes included breech presentation, postdated pregnancy with prolonged labour, and labour pain at term (each around 7%). These findings suggest that a history of cesarean section and complications related to amniotic fluid or labour were major contributors to subsequent laparotomy in obstetric patients.

Table: 1(B) Distribution by indication of primary surgery (TAH) who under-went laparotomy following gynaecological surgery (n=41)

Table 1 (B) illustrates distribution by indication of primary surgery (TAH) who under-went laparotomy following gynaecological surgery. It is evident that, among the seven patients who underwent laparotomy following TAH, the majority had surgery for fibroid uterus (42.85%) and bulky uterus (42.85%), with a smaller proportion for dysfunctional uterine bleeding (14.30%). These findings indicate that benign uterine pathologies were the leading causes of laparotomy following gynecological surgery.

Table:2 Distribution of time interval form primary surgery to laparotomy (n=41)

Table 2 shows distribution of time between primary surgery & relaparotomy. Total 16 cases had relaparotomy within 15-42 days. 14 cases had relaparotomy within 24 hours, 3 cases within 24-72 hours, 8 cases within 8 -14 days.

Table:3 Distribution by showing Duration of hospital stay (n=41)

Table: 3 Shows duration of hospital stay. More than 20 days hospital stay needed in case of 11 cases. 10 cases needed 6-10 days hospital stay. 6 cases needed 11-15 days & 6 cases needed 1-5 days.

Figure 1: Distribution by place of operation (n= 41).

Figure: 1 illustrates distribution by place of operation. It is found that, number of cases done in RMCH is 6 & Referred cases were 35 (85.37%) in number.

Figure 2: Distribution by outcome of critically ill patients following relaparotomy (n=41).

Figure:2, shows distribution by outcome of critically ill patients following relaparotomy. Survival rate 82.93% (34 cases) & death 17.07% (7cases).

Discussion:

In this study, a total of 41 patients underwent laparotomy following obstetric and gynaecological surgeries, accounting for 0.299% of all surgical admissions during the study period. Among these, 34 cases followed Lower Uterine Segment Caesarean Section (LUCS), and 7 followed Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH). This finding indicates that laparotomy as a re-exploration procedure is relatively uncommon but represents a serious complication when it occurs, echoing observations from earlier studies that reported rates ranging between 0.2% and 0.7% after major abdominal operations [15,16].

The most frequent indication for the primary obstetric surgery in this study was term pregnancy with a previous caesarean section (17.07%), followed by oligohydramnios (14.64%). This pattern is consistent with findings by Shan et al. (2023), who identified previous caesarean section and labour complications as major risk factors for subsequent relaparotomy after LUCS [17]. Similarly, Unalp et al. (2006) reported that postoperative haemorrhage and uterine rupture were among the common causes of re-exploration after obstetric surgeries [18]. The predominance of previous scar pregnancies in our series suggests that surgical adhesions and scar dehiscence remain significant contributors to postoperative morbidity in repeat caesarean deliveries, as also noted in studies from India and Ethiopia [19,20].

Among the gynaecological cases, fibroid uterus (42.85%) and bulky uterus (42.85%) were the most common primary indications for TAH in patients who later required laparotomy. This aligns with reports by Kaur et al. (2018) and Uzelac (2021), who found benign uterine pathologies—particularly leiomyomas and dysfunctional uterine bleeding—as the leading causes of hysterectomy and subsequent postoperative complications [21,22]. The recurrence of postoperative haemorrhage, pelvic abscess, and bowel injury has been documented as the main reasons for re-exploration in similar series [23,24].

In our study, the majority of relaparotomies occurred within the first 15–42 days following the initial operation, with 34.15% taking place within 24 hours. These findings are comparable to those of Sahu et al. (2020), who reported that early postoperative haemorrhage and peritonitis were the most frequent reasons for relaparotomy within the first week [25]. Delayed re-explorations, as observed in our cohort, may reflect postoperative infection, adhesion formation, or wound dehiscence developing over time [26].

The overall survival rate of 82.93% in this series indicates a favourable outcome compared with older data from resource-limited settings, where mortality following relaparotomy ranged from 20–40% [27]. The improvement in survival may be attributed to advances in anaesthetic care, better surgical techniques, and earlier recognition of postoperative complications. Nevertheless, the mortality rate of 17.07% remains clinically significant and emphasizes the need for prompt diagnosis, adequate resuscitation, and timely surgical intervention to reduce preventable deaths [28].

Our results reinforce that previous caesarean delivery and benign uterine pathologies are the most frequent underlying causes for laparotomy after primary obstetric and gynaecological surgeries. This observation aligns with global trends indicating an increasing burden of postoperative morbidity due to rising caesarean section rates and a high prevalence of uterine fibroids in women of reproductive age [29,30]. Early identification of at-risk patients, meticulous surgical technique, and strict postoperative monitoring are crucial in reducing the incidence of such complications.

Limitations

The main limitation of this study is its retrospective design and single-centre nature, which may limit generalizability. In addition, detailed intraoperative findings and long-term follow-up data were not available for all cases. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insight into the local pattern of surgical indications leading to laparotomy and highlights areas for quality improvement in obstetric and gynaecological surgical practice.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that term pregnancy with previous caesarean section and fibroid uterus are the most common primary indications leading to laparotomy following obstetric and gynaecological surgeries. Most relaparotomies occurred within the first few weeks of the initial procedure, with haemorrhage and infection being the predominant causes. Strengthening intraoperative vigilance, early complication detection, and postoperative care can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the need for re-exploration.

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