Abstracting and Indexing

  • Google Scholar
  • CrossRef
  • WorldCat
  • ResearchGate
  • Academic Keys
  • DRJI
  • Microsoft Academic
  • Academia.edu
  • OpenAIRE

Role of Endometrial Scratching in Implantation Failures

Article Information

Kaberi Banerjee, Bhavana Singla*

Advance fertility and gynaecology centre, India

*Corresponding Author: Bhavana Singla, Advance fertility and gy naecology centre, India

Received: 14 October 2021; Accepted: 26 October 2021; Published: 15 November 2021

Citation:

Kaberi Banerjee, Bhavana Singla. Role of Endometrial Scratching in Implantation Failures. Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 4 (2021): 214-219.

View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook

Abstract

Objective: To assess the role of endometrial scratching in implantation failure cases.

Design: Retrospective analysis.

Materials and Methods: 60 infertile females with at least one IVF failure in the age group of 23 to 35 years were evaluated in a period of 6 months. In the group 1 of 30 females, endometrial scratching was done between Day 21 to 25 of previous periods and in the group 2 of 30 females, endometrial scratching was not done. Cont-rolled ovarian stimulation (COH) was started from day 2 of next period in all subjects with the antagonist pro-tocol. Transvaginal guided oocyte aspiration was done. Day 3 embryo transfer was performed in all subjects.

Results: There was no difference between the two groups regarding demographic variables, egg reserve, sperm parameters, number of embryos transferred and embryo quality. The pregnancy rate was 40% (12 out of 30 cases) in the group 1 that was similar to 36.7% in the group 2 (11 out of 30 cases). The clinical pregnancy rate was 36.7% (11 out of 30 cases) in the group 1 that was similar to 33.3% in the group 2 (10 out of 30 cases).

Conclusions: The local injury caused by endometrial scratching though result in local inflammation and angiogenic environment in uterus but it does not improve the pregnancy rate. Further studies are needed to prove the efficacy of endometrial scratching with larger sample size. This is one of the few studies done in South Asia that showed scratching has no role in implantation failure.

Keywords

Endometrial Scratching

Endometrial Scratching articles Endometrial Scratching Research articles Endometrial Scratching review articles Endometrial Scratching PubMed articles Endometrial Scratching PubMed Central articles Endometrial Scratching 2023 articles Endometrial Scratching 2024 articles Endometrial Scratching Scopus articles Endometrial Scratching impact factor journals Endometrial Scratching Scopus journals Endometrial Scratching PubMed journals Endometrial Scratching medical journals Endometrial Scratching free journals Endometrial Scratching best journals Endometrial Scratching top journals Endometrial Scratching free medical journals Endometrial Scratching famous journals Endometrial Scratching Google Scholar indexed journals pregnancy articles pregnancy Research articles pregnancy review articles pregnancy PubMed articles pregnancy PubMed Central articles pregnancy 2023 articles pregnancy 2024 articles pregnancy Scopus articles pregnancy impact factor journals pregnancy Scopus journals pregnancy PubMed journals pregnancy medical journals pregnancy free journals pregnancy best journals pregnancy top journals pregnancy free medical journals pregnancy famous journals pregnancy Google Scholar indexed journals sperm parameters articles sperm parameters Research articles sperm parameters review articles sperm parameters PubMed articles sperm parameters PubMed Central articles sperm parameters 2023 articles sperm parameters 2024 articles sperm parameters Scopus articles sperm parameters impact factor journals sperm parameters Scopus journals sperm parameters PubMed journals sperm parameters medical journals sperm parameters free journals sperm parameters best journals sperm parameters top journals sperm parameters free medical journals sperm parameters famous journals sperm parameters Google Scholar indexed journals embryos transfer articles embryos transfer Research articles embryos transfer review articles embryos transfer PubMed articles embryos transfer PubMed Central articles embryos transfer 2023 articles embryos transfer 2024 articles embryos transfer Scopus articles embryos transfer impact factor journals embryos transfer Scopus journals embryos transfer PubMed journals embryos transfer medical journals embryos transfer free journals embryos transfer best journals embryos transfer top journals embryos transfer free medical journals embryos transfer famous journals embryos transfer Google Scholar indexed journals embryo quality articles embryo quality Research articles embryo quality review articles embryo quality PubMed articles embryo quality PubMed Central articles embryo quality 2023 articles embryo quality 2024 articles embryo quality Scopus articles embryo quality impact factor journals embryo quality Scopus journals embryo quality PubMed journals embryo quality medical journals embryo quality free journals embryo quality best journals embryo quality top journals embryo quality free medical journals embryo quality famous journals embryo quality Google Scholar indexed journals uterus articles uterus Research articles uterus review articles uterus PubMed articles uterus PubMed Central articles uterus 2023 articles uterus 2024 articles uterus Scopus articles uterus impact factor journals uterus Scopus journals uterus PubMed journals uterus medical journals uterus free journals uterus best journals uterus top journals uterus free medical journals uterus famous journals uterus Google Scholar indexed journals hormonal medication articles hormonal medication Research articles hormonal medication review articles hormonal medication PubMed articles hormonal medication PubMed Central articles hormonal medication 2023 articles hormonal medication 2024 articles hormonal medication Scopus articles hormonal medication impact factor journals hormonal medication Scopus journals hormonal medication PubMed journals hormonal medication medical journals hormonal medication free journals hormonal medication best journals hormonal medication top journals hormonal medication free medical journals hormonal medication famous journals hormonal medication Google Scholar indexed journals vasodilators articles vasodilators Research articles vasodilators review articles vasodilators PubMed articles vasodilators PubMed Central articles vasodilators 2023 articles vasodilators 2024 articles vasodilators Scopus articles vasodilators impact factor journals vasodilators Scopus journals vasodilators PubMed journals vasodilators medical journals vasodilators free journals vasodilators best journals vasodilators top journals vasodilators free medical journals vasodilators famous journals vasodilators Google Scholar indexed journals implantation failure articles implantation failure Research articles implantation failure review articles implantation failure PubMed articles implantation failure PubMed Central articles implantation failure 2023 articles implantation failure 2024 articles implantation failure Scopus articles implantation failure impact factor journals implantation failure Scopus journals implantation failure PubMed journals implantation failure medical journals implantation failure free journals implantation failure best journals implantation failure top journals implantation failure free medical journals implantation failure famous journals implantation failure Google Scholar indexed journals IVF failure articles IVF failure Research articles IVF failure review articles IVF failure PubMed articles IVF failure PubMed Central articles IVF failure 2023 articles IVF failure 2024 articles IVF failure Scopus articles IVF failure impact factor journals IVF failure Scopus journals IVF failure PubMed journals IVF failure medical journals IVF failure free journals IVF failure best journals IVF failure top journals IVF failure free medical journals IVF failure famous journals IVF failure Google Scholar indexed journals

Article Details

1. Introduction

Embryo implantation is an essential well-coordinated event which require multiple steps and signals between the embryo and endometrium. Successful implantation depends on many factors like egg quality, sperm quality, high quality embryo, receptive endometrium, and perfect embryo transfer technique [1]. Endometrium is very important for embryo implantation and the endo-metrial thickness is the marker of receptivity of the endometrium. It is used as a prognostic factor in embryo transfers [2, 3]. The receptive endometrium requires proliferation and thickening of the endometrium, syn-chronization of the micro architectural changes of the endometrium with the stage of embryo development and the presence of a proper cytokine environment [4]. In most of the cases it can be achieved by using estrogen and progesterone. But in some cases, in spite of all types of medications including hormonal medications, vasodilators, blood thinners, implantation failure occurs. In 2003, Barash et al showed that local injury of the endometrium caused by endometrial scratching (ES) increases the incidence of implantation in IVF failure [5]. The basic concept of ES involves injury to endo-metrium lead to acute inflammatory reaction, followed by repair, resulting in the release of cytokines and growth factors known to promote implantation. Local stimulation of endometrium induces decidualization with inflammation which significantly increases the level of macrophages, dendritic cells, and proinflam-matory cytokines, including TNF-α, growth-regulated oncogene-α, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1B (MIP-1B) Scratching during the preceding cycle may suppress proliferation and thus optimize synchronicity between the endometrium and the embryo to be transferred [6]. In this study, we assessed the role of endometrial scratching in implantation failure cases.

2. Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at Advanced fertility and gynaecology center, New Delhi from July 2019 to December 2019. Patients with primary infertility between the age group of 23 to 35 years were included in the study. We had evaluated 60 infertile females with at least one IVF failure. In the group 1 of 30 females, endometrial scratching was done between Day 21 to 25 of previous periods and in the group 2 of 30 females, endometrial scratching was not done. Controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) was started from day 2 of next period in all subjects with the antagonist protocol.

2.1 Protocol

Ovarian stimulation was started on day 2 with gonadotropins, recombinant human FSH (rhFSH, Folisuge; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India or highly purified menotrophin HMG (hpHMG, Menotas; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India) in the dose of 225 to 450 IU, depending on patient profile (age, BMI, AMH, AFC) till day 6 of period followed by transvaginal follicular monitoring and dose was adjusted according to ovarian response. When follicles reached 13 to 14 mm, daily subcutaneous injection of GnRH antagonist, 0.25 mg Cetrorelix (Cetrotide, Merck Serono S.p.A, Italy), was added. When follicles reached 18 mm, 10,000 IU HCG (hpHCG, Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India) was given to trigger ovulation. Transvaginal oocyte aspiration was performed before 36 h, under ultrasound guidance, using Cooks OPU needle and Cooks gamete buffer media. Embryos were further cultured in Cooks fertilization & cleavage media. Embryo transfer was done on Day 3 under transabdominal USG guidance (with full bladder). Luteal support was added in the form of vaginal and injectable progesterone. Beta hcg was done after 14 days of the embryo transfer. The efficacy of ES was evaluated by pregnancy rates and clinical pregnancy rates.

3. Results

There was no difference between the two groups regarding demographic variables, egg reserve, sperm parameters, number of embryos transferred and embryo quality (Table 1). The pregnancy rate was calculated using chi square statistical analysis. The pregnancy rate was 40% (12 out of 30 cases) in the group 1 that was similar to 36.7% in the group 2 (11 out of 30 cases). The clinical pregnancy rate was 36.7% (11 out of 30 cases) in the group 1 that was similar to 33.3% in the group 2 (10 out of 30 cases).

Parameters

Group 1 (With endometrial scratching)

Group 2 (No endometrial scratching)

Number of Patients

30

30

Age (years)

31.6

31.2

Duration of infertility (years)

4.3

4.9

BMI (kg/m2)

20.8

21

Antral follicle count (AFC)

8.2

7.9

AMH (ng/ml)

2.6

2.5

Sperm count (Million per ml)

38.6

42.5

Sperm motility (%)

27.5%

26.8%

Sperm morphology (%)

3.5%

3.8%

No. of oocytes retrieved

6.7

6.5

No. of embryos transferred

3

3

Table 1: Demographic Profile.

Parameters

Group 1 (With endometrial scratching)

Group 2 (No endometrial scratching)

P Value

Number of Patients

30

30

 

Pregnancy rate

12 (40%)

11 (36.7%)

0.56 (NS*)

Clinical pregnancy rate

11 (36.7%)

10 (33.3%)

0.65 (NS*)

*NS – Not significant

Table 2: Pregnancy outcome.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: Pregnancy outcome.

4. Discussion

Implantation is rate limiting step in process of IVF. As per proposed mechanism, local injury caused by endo-metrial scratching result in local inflammation and angiogenic environment in uterus which improves the implantation in IVF failure cases. But as we know number of other pathologies may be responsible for implantation failure which should be corrected on being diagnosed. Many studies were conducted to assess the role of endometrial scratching in repeated implantation failures. Most of the studies had relatively small sample sizes with heterogeneity in statistical analysis. Shohayeb A and El-Khayat W conducted a prospective rando-mized controlled trial on two-hundred infertile women with a history of repeated implantation failure and showed that single endometrial biopsy regimen (S-EBR) performed during hysteroscopy had statistically signify-cant higher implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate than hysteroscopy without endome-trial scraping. The implantation rate in scratching group (group A) was 12% while in non-scratching group (group B) it was 7% (p=0.015), the clinical pregnancy rate was 32% in group A while it was only 18% in group B (p=0.034) and the live birth rate was 28% in group A while it was 14% in group B (p=0.024) [7]. Olesen MS et al revealed that women with three or more previous implantation failures had a significant increase in clinical pregnancy rate (31.1% vs. 53.6%; relative risk = 1.72; confidence interval [1.05–2.83]) after scratching [8].

Günther Vn et al reviewed the role of scratching in IVF and found that it is less beneficial in unselected sub-fertile women but scratching appears to be successful in women with repeated implantation failure. Scratching is convenient, easy to perform, and associated with very little pain. So, scratching can be offered to patients with recurrent implantation failure in order to try to enhance pregnancy and live birth rates after informing about the heterogeneous data of results [9]. Lensen S et al conducted a pragmatic, multicenter, open-label, rando-mized, controlled trial on 1364 women who were under-going IVF in next cycle and showed no significant between-group differences in the rates of ongoing preg-nancy, clinical pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or miscarriage and concluded that scratching does not result in a higher rate of live birth than no intervention among women undergoing IVF [10]. Van Hoogenhuijze NE et al did meta-analysis of fourteen RCTs involving 2537 participants concluded that it remained unclear that endometrial scratching improves the chance of pregnancy. So, it should not be offered in daily practice and large and well-designed RCTs and an individual patient data analysis should be available for further assessment [11]. Moustafa S et al also reviewed the role of scratching in implantation failure and stated that it can be a part of diagnostic evaluation with hysteroscopy or endometrial biopsy but as therapeutic tool more RCTs are needed [12].

In our study, endometrial scratching does not improve the pregnancy rate, though the large sample size rando-mized controlled trials are needed to prove the efficacy of endometrial scratching in implantation failure. Our study is one of the few studies done in South Asia that showed endometrial scratching has no role in implantation failure.

References

  1. Eftekhar M, Hosseinisadat R, Baradaran R, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on IVF outcomes in infertile women: an RCT, Int. J. Reprod. Biomed 14 (2016): 341-346.
  2. Jimenez PT, Schon SB, Odem RR, et al. A retrospective cross-sectional study: fresh cycle endometrial thickness is a sensitive predictor of inadequate endometrial thickness in frozen embryo transfer cycles. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 11 (2013): 1-5.
  3. Check JH, Nowroozi K, Choe J, et al. Influence of endometrial thickness and echo patterns on pregnancy rates during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 56 (1991): 1173-1175.
  4. Bergh PA, Navot D. The impact of embryonic development and endometrial maturity on the timing of implantation. Fertil Steril 58 (1992): 537-542.
  5. Barash A, Dekel N, Fieldust S, et al. Local injury to the endometrium doubles the incidence of successful pregnancies in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 79 (2003): 1317-1322.
  6. Vitagliano A, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Saccone G, et al. Endometrial scratch injury for women with one or more previous failed embryo transfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 110 (2018): 687-702.e2.
  7. Shohayeb A, El-Khayat W. Does a single endometrial biopsy regimen (S-EBR) improve ICSI outcome in patients with repeated implantation failure? A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 164 (2012): 176-179.
  8. OlesenMS, HaugeB, OhrtL, et al. Therapeutic endometrial scratching and implantation after in vitro fertilization: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Fertil. Steril 112 (2020): 1015-1021.
  9. Günther V, von Otte S, Maass N, et al. Endometrial "Scratching" An update and overview of current research. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 21 (2020): 124-129.
  10. Lensen S, Osavlyuk D, Armstrong S, et al. A Randomized Trial of Endometrial Scratching before In Vitro Fertilization. N Engl J Med 380 (2019): 325-334
  11. Van Hoogenhuijze NE, Kasius JC, Broekmans FJM, et al. Endometrial scratching prior to IVF; does it help and for whom? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open 2019 (2019): 025.
  12. Moustafa S, Young SL. Diagnostic and therapeutic options in recurrent implantation failure (2020).

Journal Statistics

Impact Factor: * 3.2

CiteScore: 2.9

Acceptance Rate: 11.01%

Time to first decision: 10.4 days

Time from article received to acceptance: 2-3 weeks

Discover More: Recent Articles

Grant Support Articles

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved!