Abstracting and Indexing

  • Google Scholar
  • CrossRef
  • WorldCat
  • ResearchGate
  • Academic Keys
  • DRJI
  • Microsoft Academic
  • Academia.edu
  • OpenAIRE

Mauriac Syndrome: An Infrequent Encounter in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Article Information

Sangeeta Das1*, Bela Verma2, Aayushi Singh1

1Senior Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Grant Medical College, Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India

2Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics, Grant Medical College, Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Sangeeta Das, Senior Resident, Department of Pediatrics, Grant Medical College and Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, C1-605, Sahara City Homes, Jamtha, Nagpur, Mumbai, India

Received: 12 May 2021; Accepted: 21 May 2021; Published: 25 May 2021

Citation:

Sangeeta Das, Bela Verma, Aayushi Singh. Mauriac Syndrome: An Infrequent Encounter in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health 5 (2021): 126-129.

View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook

Abstract

Mauriac syndrome is a rare complication of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is characterised by poor glycemic control, growth impairment, delayed puberty, cataract, retinopathy, hepatomegaly, nephropathy and cushingoid features such as moon facies, protruded abdomen and muscle wasting. We hereby report a case of Mauriac syndrome in an eight year old female child.

Keywords

Mauriac Syndrome, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Rare Complication, Poor Glycemic Control

Mauriac Syndrome articles; Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus articles; Rare Complication articles; Poor Glycemic Control articles

Article Details

1. Introduction

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the common endocrinological morbidity in pediatric population and its various complications in this population are not unknown. Mauriac syndrome is one of such complications characterised by poor glycemic control, growth impairment, delayed puberty, cataract, retinopathy, hepatomegaly, nephropathy, cushingoid features such as moon facies, protruded abdomen and muscle wasting [1-3].

This syndrome has become quite a rare entity now-a-days, especially in developed countries owing to introduction of long acting insulin, better compliance and good glycemic control. Very few cases have been reported in India [4, 5]. Therefore, we hereby report a case of Mauriac syndrome.

2. Case Report

An eight year female child was referred to us as a known case of type 1 diabetes mellitus for further management in view of poorly controlled blood sugar levels. On eliciting further history, the child complained of diminished vision since one month. The child was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the age of 7 years following which the child was started on subcutaneous mixed insulin preparation containing prolonged-acting and short-acting human insulin.

However, the treatment compliance was not good because there was improper injection technique, poor adherence to injection schedule as well as poor blood sugar monitoring. On examination, the child was conscious, cooperative, well oriented to time, place and person. She had short stature (109 cm, less then 3rd percentile) and was underweight (17.74 kg, less then 3rd percentile). Her BMI was 14.9 kg/ m2 (between 5th and 10th percentile). Her Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) stage was 1. She had cataract of both eyes. Her abdomen was protruded with hepatomegaly.

On investigating, her complete hemogram, liver and renal function tests, serum electrolytes and blood gas parameters were found to be normal. Urine study showed ketonuria, non-nephrotic range proteinuria (spot urine microalbumin ratio 0.46) and glycosuria. Her fasting blood sugar was 487 mg% with HBA1C (glycosylated haemoglobin) was 11.7% (normal < 6%). Her thyroid function was within normal limit. Her IA2 (Islet Antigen 2) antibody and GAD 65 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65) antibody titres were positive. Ultrasound abdomen revealed hepatomegaly with fatty infiltration of the liver. Her clinical history, examination and investigation findings, in the background of type 1 diabetes mellitus, pointed to the diagnosis of Mauriac syndrome.

Strict diabetic dietary management was started along with regular monitoring of blood sugar level. Long acting insulin Glargine injection was administered once daily along with regular insulin injection before breakfast, lunch and dinner after titration as per blood sugar level (basal-bolus regimen). Supplements such as calcium, vitamin D3 and multivitamin were added. The child followed up after 2 months of therapy with well controlled blood sugar level and reduction in liver size both clinically and on ultrasound. She also underwent cataract surgery in both eyes and subsequently had improved vision.

3. Discussion

Pierre Mauriac in 1930 described this syndrome in children diagnosed as type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented with growth failure, pubertal delay, abdominal distension and hepatomegaly and who were treated with short-acting insulin [6]. Its incidence is equal in male and female population with adolescence being the most affected group [7]. Its etiology is multifactorial such as decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone, defective or resistant hormone receptors or inadequate utilisation of glucose in the tissues [8]. Hepatomegaly is thought to be due to glycogen deposition in the liver [9, 10].

Recently, a genetic cause for metabolic abnormality in Mauriac syndrome has been discovered in the form of mutation in the catalytic subunit of liver glycogen phosphorylase kinase [11]. Liver glycogen phos-phorylase kinase normally activates glycogen phos-phorylase which catalyses the first step in glycogen breakdown. The mutation acts in a dominant fashion to completely inhibit glycogen phosphorylase kinase activity resulting in glycogen deposition in the liver cells [11]. Many clinical features such as growth impairment, pubertal delay and hepatomegaly revert with improved glycemic control [4]. Continuous insulin delivery through insulin pump may be a useful treatment approach to combat the clinical features of Mauriac Syndrome [8, 12]. With this approach, stepwise metabolic control can be achieved [13].

In our case, the female child had poorly controlled diabetes mellitus with short stature, cataract, protruding abdomen with hepatomegaly which led us to the diagnosis of Mauriac syndrome. The causative factor in this case attributed to poor compliance of the patient and her family in form of improper injection technique, poor adherence to injection schedule as well as poor blood sugar monitoring. This poor compliance, in turn, is attributed to the ignorance of the family about the disease and its consequences.

Conflict of Interest

We, the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Mahesh S, Karp RJ, Castells S, et al. Mauriac syndrome in a 3-year-old boy. Endocr Pract 13 (2007): 63-66.
  2. Kim MS, Quintos JB. Mauriac syndrome: growth failure and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 5 (2008): 989-993.
  3. Daneman D, Drash AL, Lobes LA, et al. Progressive retinopathy with improved control in diabetic dwarfism (Mauriac's syndrome). Diabetes Care 4 (1981): 360-365.
  4. Patidar PP, Philip R, Saran S, et al. A rare case of Mauriac syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 16 (2012): 486-487.
  5. Tiwari A, Jyotsna S, Amit A. Mauriac Syndrome: A Rare Complication of Poorly Controlled Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2 (2013): 76-77.
  6. Mauriac P. Gros ventre, hepatomegalie, troubles de croissance chez les enfants diabetiques traits depuis plusiers annee par l’insuline. Gaz Hebd Med Bordeaux 26 (1930): 402-410.
  7. Madhu SV, Jain R, Kant S, et al. Mauriac Syndrome: A rare complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 17 (2013): 764-765.
  8. Kocova M, Milenkova L. Old syndrome-new approach: Mauriac syndrome treated with continuous insulin delivery. SAGE open medical case rep 6 (2018): 2050313X18785510.
  9. Lee RG, Bode HH. Stunted growth and hepatomegaly in diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr 91 (1977): 82-84.
  10. Klein R, Marks JF, Roldan E, et al. The occurrence of peripheral edema and subcutaneous glycogen deposition following the initial treatment of diabetes mellitus in children. J Pediatr 60 (1962): 807-814.
  11. MacDonald MJ, Hasan NM, Ansari IH. Discovery of a Genetic Metabolic Cause for Mauriac Syndrome in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 65 (2016): 2051-2059.
  12. Imtaz KE, Healy C, Sharif S. Glycogen hepatopathy in type 1 diabetes: an under recognised condition. Diabetes Care 36 (2013): e6-e7.
  13. Johnson SR, Cooper MN, Jones TW. Long-term outcome of insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes assessed in a large population-based case-control study. Diabetologia 56 (2013): 2392-2400.

Journal Statistics

Impact Factor: * 3.8

CiteScore: 2.9

Acceptance Rate: 11.01%

Time to first decision: 10.4 days

Time from article received to acceptance: 2-3 weeks

Discover More: Recent Articles

Grant Support Articles

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved!