Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies in the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Syndrome

Author(s): Ritika Patial, Irene Batta, Manish Thakur, Ranbir Chander Sobti, Devendra K. Agrawal

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a complex cluster of metabolic irregularities that significantly increase the risk of developing chronic conditions, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other related disorders. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of MetS, its etiology and underlying pathogenesis, and the management strategies. MetS is characterized by central obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The prevalence of MetS is remarkably high, affecting approximately 25% of the global population, particularly in developed nations with inactive lifestyles and highcalorie diets. The development of MetS involves genetic and acquired factors, resulting in an inflammatory state that enhances the risk for cardiovascular disease. The biochemical alterations observed in MetS establish pathological connections between MetS, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions. Despite its clinical importance, there is still debate regarding the precise components and pathophysiological associations among MetS elements. However, advancements in therapeutic measures, including drug therapies, surgical options, and experimental methods present promising avenues for managing and potentially reversing MetS. Further investigation of the MetS is critical because of its significant implications for public health and its connection to other clinical conditions and severe health outcomes, placing a substantial burden on healthcare system and society.