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Fecal Microbiome Diversity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Clinical Subtypes

Article Information

Jasmin Ramic1*, Irina Milovac2, Zoran Mavija3, Naida Lojo-Kadric1, Maida Hadzic1, Stojko Vidovic2, Beate Niesler4, Nikolas Dovrolis5, Maria Gazouli6, Naris Pojskic1, Lejla Pojskic1

1University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

3Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

4Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany

5Laboratory of Medical Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece

6Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

*Corresponding Author: Jasmin Ramic, University of Sarajevo, Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Received: 09 November 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 05 February 2021

Citation:

Jasmin Ramic, Irina Milovac, Zoran Mavija, Naida Lojo-Kadric, Maida Hadzic, Stojko Vidovic, Beate Niesler, Nikolas Dovrolis, Maria Gazouli, Naris Pojskic, Lejla Pojskic. Fecal Microbiome Diversity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Clinical Subtypes. Archives of Clinical and Biomedical Research 5 (2021): 125-136.

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Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut brain gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, typically accompanied by constipation or diarrhea, usually without any organic evidence. The prevalence of IBS is rather high of about 10-15% (10, 1 % according to Rome III and 4, 1% according to Rome IV, Enck P. et al 2016, Sperber A.D. et al 2020, Black C.J. et al 2020) in the working population. Quality of life in patients with IBS is reduced and therefore a major obstacle to the normal physical and social wellbeing.

In intensified clinical research worldwide new pathogenic mechanisms of IBS are suggested, including intestinal dysbiois one of the critical contributing factors to onset or further development of IBS. Intestinal microbiome represents a real ecosystem of microorganisms and human GI tract lining cells. The diversity and composition of the GI microbiome may differ significantly inter- and intra-individually, depending on sex, age or physiological conditions (pregnancy, disease, etc).

Intestinal microbiome composition frequently changes in association with IBS symptoms, and the purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a clear relationship in microbial composition and relative abundance of microbial taxa in feces of persons diagnosed with IBS. Fecal microbiota profiling was done in a group of nine clinically confirmed IBS patients and 6 corresponding healthy controls, based on species specific 16s RNA gene. No statistically significant differences in Alpha and Beta diversity indices were found.

Keywords

IBS; Fecal microbiome; 16s rRNA gene; Dysbiosis

IBS articles; Fecal microbiome articles; 16s rRNA gene articles; Dysbiosis articles

Article Details

Introduction

Recent evidence has shown that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not just a functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, but rather represents a prototypical gut-brain disorder [1]. IBS affects 10.1 % (Rome III) and 4.1 % (Rome IV) worldwide, and 70–75% of affected individuals are female [2-4]. Typical symptoms involve chronic gut distress and abdominal pain with altered bowel hab­its without evident organic cause [2,5]. Diagnostics of IBS is based on a patient symptom reporting according to the standardized criteria [1,6]. Clinical stratification and management of IBS is based on specific defe­cation pattern into the following clinical sub­types: diarrhea-predominant (also referred to as ‘IBS with diarrhea’; IBS-D), constipation-predominant (or ‘IBS with constipation’; IBS-C), a mixed subtype (IBS-M) and unsubtyped IBS (IBS-U) [2]. Anxiety and depression are common co-morbidities in IBS, reflecting the due to com­plex relationship between altered gut physiology, visceral sensation and psycho­logical perceptions that are mediated via the brain–gut axis patients with IBS additionally experience somatic pain [7] as well as other somatic pain syndromes such as migraine, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome are over-represented [3].

 Environmental (extrinsic) factors such as psycho­logical distress [8], diet, smoking habits, infectious gastro­enteritis that results in post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS) [9] and measurable alterations in the gut microbiota produce a com­plex interaction with genetic variants dispersed in the human genome (SNP’s, CNV’s) (intrinsic factors) and lead to individ­ual epigenetic prints. These factors might contribute to central and peripheral (neurobiological) intermediate phenotypes (affecting brain and enteric nervous system function), influence the brain–gut axis and consequently manifest as central, behavioral and gastrointestinal intermediate phenotypes, thereby predisposing to IBS and its co morbid conditions [10-13].

Culture-free, PCR based methods using 16S rRNA gene-specific primers have provided insight in the gut lining microbiome composition of in patients with various clinical subtypes of IBS. Dysbiosis in different functional gastrointestinal disorders (including IBS) as compared to healthy individuals is reflected in overall microbial density decrease and relative abundance of major clades – bacteriodetes and firmicutes. High-throughput sequencing techniques have made it possible to identify detected DNA sequences in the gut microbiome, which is a more direct approach than PCR and provides higher resolution taxonomic classification. The aim of our study, was to use the culture-independent and high resolution 16S rRNA of the fecal microbiomes of patients with IBS and of disease free volunteers from Bosnia and Herzegovina to detect IBS specific signatures.

Material and Methods

Stool sampling and Genomic DNA extraction.

Stool samples from six healthy volunteers and nine patients with IBS were taken according to Helsinki declaration and samples were stored at -80°C before genomic DNA was isolated with the DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and mechanical lysis. Fecal samples were incubated in ATL buffer with proteinase K, mechanically lysed with a FastPrep FP120 (MP Biomedical, Solon, OH), treated with RNaseA, and purified on Qiagen columns. One tube containing 10 µl of sterile water was extracted in parallel to detect possible contamination.

16S rRNA gene sequencing

Amplicon libraries for pyrosequencing were constructed using a forward primer containing the 454 primer B and the 515F 16S sequences and a reverse primer containing the 454 primer A and the 806R 16S sequences. Each 50 µl PCR reaction mix contained 50 ng template DNA, 1 U Platinum Taq High Fidelity polymerase and buffers (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 400 nM primer, 2 mM MgSO4, 0.2 mM dNTP mix and was amplified by 30 cycles of touch-down PCR (37). Duplicate PCR amplicons for each sample were pooled and purified with Agencourt AMPure XP (BeckmanCoulter Genomics, Danvers, MA). Barcoded amplicons were combined in equimolar ratios for pyrosequencing on a 454-FLX-Titanium Genome Sequencer (Roche 454 Life Sciences, Branford, CT). QIIME2 v.2020.2.0 [14] was used to cluster, quality control was done using the DADA2 algorithm [15] and assign taxonomies based on the SILVA r132 database [16] to the raw sequences.

Statistical analyses of microbiome data

All analyses of the taxonomized sequences were performed on the MicrobiomeAnalyst [17] online platform. Total Sum Scaling (TSS) was applied to the data but no further transformations before the downstream analysis. Alpha-diversity was calculated using the CHAO1 index and ANOVA on the OTU level. Beta-diversity was calculated and visualized using Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) on the OTU level. Correlation analysis was carried out using Spearman’s correlation algorithm. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between IBS and healthy controls and variance in taxonomic distribution between clinical subtypes (Med Calc v.19.0.4).

Results

Identification of the bacterial DNA was carried in a way that will amplify species-specific parts of bacterial DNA using array technique. Quantity of extracted total DNA varied form 2-21 ng/µl. Average of 780 190 to 1 063 311 sequence reads at genus level were detected from stool samples of IBS patients and healthy controls, respectively.

The number and proportion of successful readings at the genus level were given for each individual sample. Number of identified bacterial species per sample and Shannon species diversity index for each sample were similar in both studied groups and they are shown in Table 1.

Table1: Results of reading classification at genus level and values of Shannon species diversity index

Sample No.

Sample ID

Number Reads PF

% Reads Classified to Genus

Number of Species

Identified

Shannon Species

Diversity index

1

P1 

989772

95.70 %

504

2.176

2

P2 

1041379

95.58 %

591

2.029

3

P3 

838990

93.27 %

529

1.843

4

P4 

963706

96.81 %

516

0.810

5

P5

283370

97.39 %

522

1.521

6

P6 

917349

94.64 %

639

2.052

7

P7 

236754

97.58 %

734

2.622

8

P8 

968109

96.36 %

540

2.349

9

P9 

782277

95.87 %

531

2.498

10

K1 

1057237

97.46 %

594

2.383

11

K2 

1272946

95.77 %

424

1.397

12

K3 

884924

93.91 %

646

2.386

13

K4 

1031704

97.78 %

424

2.464

14

K5 

1072739

96.32 %

618

2.164

15

K6 

1060313

90.88 %

583

2.481

Based on diversity estimates (Shannon and Chao diversity indices) the overall microbiome diversity was reduced in IBS as compared to healthy controls (Graph 1).

Graph 1- Relative proportion of major phyla in IBS and healthy individuals (Mann-Whitney U test between groups P>0.05)

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 1: Average species diversity at individual level (a) and Inter-group species diversity (b)

Alpha diversity index, which represent the average species diversity in individual samples (Figure 1a) or group (Figure 1b) did not shown significant difference on either level.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Beta diversity index which refers to the ratio of determined species between IBS group and control group is pictured on Figure 2. No statistically significant difference was observed in microbiota composition between IBS-patients and healthy control group.

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Figure 2: Beta diversity index

Grouping after correlation analysis of bacterial composition of two examined group, where we also didn’t find significant correlation, is represented on Figure 3.

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 3: Grouping after correlation analysis

Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) which is used for measuring of differences in the distribution of taxonomic classifications between samples, up to a fixed taxonomic level also didn't show any clustering of samples from different group neither on genus of species level (Figure 4 and 5).

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 4: Principal Coordinate Analysis on genus level

fortune-biomass-feedstock

Figure 5: Principal Coordinate Analysis on species level

Most frequently found genus’s in control groups were Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus and in the IBS patient group Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus.

The observed difference in taxonomic distributionbetween IBS and healthy controls nor between clinical subtypes at level of phylum was not statistically significant (Mann Whitney test P>0.05) (Graph 1).

Discussion

The gut microbiome represents a specific ecosystem with a large number of different bacteria, fungi and archaea interacting in a more or less complicated manner. Those relations depends, like in every other ecosystem, of multiple intrinsic and external factors such are diet, lifestyle, smoking and alcohol consumption, use of drugs (probiotics, antibiotics, etc.), genetic factors, physiological conditions (age, pregnancy, surgery etc.) and interrelationships of microorganisms which habituate gut. Major lifetime event in GI physiology is the microbial colonization of human gastrointetinal tract, which is considered as basis for later normal developement and growth of other bacterial, fungal and archea species [18].

Alpha (average species diversity in given ecosystem) and beta diversity (refers to the ratio of all determined species) which are measure of species diversity, represent well established system for monitoring state of ecosystems. But, specific relations between bacterial species, physiological condition of human gut, and their interrelationships maybe can better be explained through ratio of bacterial species which are represents of specific condition [19]. In our study a slightly higher number of bacterial species was found in the patient group compared to the control group, although when the average diversity of bacterial species was observed, no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.

The  mechanism of emergence of IBS can in great part be explained by the changes and imbalance in microbiome composition (dysbiosis), in both composition and number of microo rganisms, that lead to activation of the immune system and eventually, inflammation [20;21]. The results of our study did not reveal any plausible link between stool microbiome and generalized IBS symptoms, nor specific IBS subtypes. Having in mind literature about changes in intestinal disorders [22-24], it was expected that there was a greater possibility of a statistically significant difference in microbiome composition between patients with IBS and the control group of subjects.

Our results did not confirm the expected thesis that there will be a difference in both the number and type, of bacterial organisms detected in the fecal product of subjects from the two groups. The abundance of individual bacterial families, genus's and species is in accordance with the literature [25], however, at no classification level was found a statistically significant difference between the observed groups. The obvious conclusion for such a result is that there is no difference in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microbiome of patients with IBS compared to healthy subjects from our samples what maybe can be attributed to small sample size. However, results like this are also not unknown in the literature dealing with the relevant field. In their work Hughert W.L et al., 2019, didn't find distinct microbial signature differences in patient with IBS and randomly taken control samples in Swedish population. Also in recent Meta studies is found that the diversity of the microbiota was either decreased or not different in IBS patients compared with controls [26].

Also, other factors can modulate composition of gut microbiome in IBS patient. It is suggested that environmental factors such as nutritional habits, antibiotic usage, and lifestyle (stress, smoking habits, and inactivity) probably have a greater influence on the gut microbiome than genetics [27]. In our study we did not have data about IBS patient therapy, but it is well known that antibiotic usage may also influenced composition and numbers of species in gut microbiome.

Besides that there is a growing evidence of the involvement of fungal biome (mycobiome) alterations in IBS patients. Authors also conclude that development of visceral hypersensitivity indicates fungi dysbiosis may have indispensable role in IBS pathogenesis [28]. One of the possible reasons for the absence of a statistically significant difference in the number and type of microorganisms present in the collected fecal sample of the two examined groups, and in our opinion the most likely, may be the small sample size. This project is conceived as a study in which appropriate methods of fecal sampling, isolation and quantification of isolated DNA, its amplification, and detection of bacterial species present in the microbiome at the quantitative and qualitative level, would ultimately be reliably selected.

The method of DNA isolation from the fecal sample itself was successful, despite the fact that it showed considerable inconsistency on the quantitative level in terms of the final DNA concentration. The difference in the initial amount of the DNA template of individual samples, which enters the reaction, can affect the final results. Mentioning the latter, it should be noted that inequality in DNA isolation results was equally present in both groups. DNA purification and amplification, and sequencing of specific 16s regions of individual bacterial organisms at the quantitative and qualitative level have proven to be a very good and reliable method for microbiome analysis. The previously listed methods that have proven successful should be applied to future research that would be conducted on a larger number of respondents, which would certainly mean greater statistical reliability of the results.

Conclusions

A number of studies of GI tract microbiome in healthy and non-healthy individuals suggest both quality and quantity of microbiome content play important role in normal physiology of GI tract and overall individual health. The diversity and quantitative content of gut microbiome is changed in IBS, which is necessary in understanding complex IBS etiology and potential new target in treatment of IBS symptoms. In our study a no significant difference was found in composition or in number of individual bacterial species in gut microbiome between two examined groups. However, our results indicate that geographical distribution and local nutritional habits might play an important role in overall predisposition to the effects microbiota content changes and IBS symptoms.

Acknowledgements: This work is partly supported by a research grant of Federal Ministry of Science and Education of Bosnia and Herzegovina No. 05-39-2579-1/18. This manuscript results in part from collaboration and network activities promoted under the frame of the international network GENIEUR (Genes in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Research Network Europe), which has been funded by the COST program (BM1106, www.GENIEUR.eu) and is currently supported by the European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM, www.ESNM.eu).

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