Achilles Tendon Flaps in Lower Extremity Reconstructive Surgery: Versatility, Utility, and Patient-Centered Outcomes

Author(s): Meher Vartanian, Niayesh Najafi, Devendra K Agrawal

Achilles tendon defects represent a challenging reconstructive problem in both athletic and comorbid populations. The objective of this review was to evaluate the versatility, clinical utility, and patient-centered outcomes of Achilles tendon–based flaps and reconstructions across trauma, chronic rupture, sports medicine, diabetic foot, and salvage contexts. We performed a PubMed search (between 2015–2025), identified 223 studies that were limited to human subjects and English-language publications. Following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 71 full-text articles were assessed, of which 48 met criteria for qualitative synthesis. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohorts, systematic reviews, and case series with ≥10 patients. Data were extracted on study design, population, intervention, followup, and outcomes. Narrative synthesis was performed across predefined themes: preoperative assessment, intraoperative technique, postoperative management, functional outcomes, and limb salvage. Achilles tendon– based reconstructions demonstrated consistent adaptability across diverse clinical settings. In athletic and trauma cohorts, minimally invasive hamstring autografts, FHL transfers, and V-Y plasties produced significant improvements in functional scores and return-to-sport rates approaching 70–80%, with rerupture rates <5% in most series. In diabetic and salvage populations, regional flaps such as sural and peroneus brevis achieved durable wound coverage, while free anterolateral thigh flaps enabled composite tendon–skin reconstruction with limb salvage rates of 80–90%. Complications varied by context: venous congestion was most common in sural flaps, while infection rates exceeded 20% in uncontrolled diabetics. Across populations, success depended heavily on patient selection, vascular assessment, and compliance with staged rehabilitation. Achilles tendon flaps and grafts represent a versatile reconstructive strategy capable of restoring elite-level function in athletes while preserving limbs in highrisk diabetic and ischemic patients. Current evidence underscores that outcomes depend less on the specific technique than on appropriate patient selection and perioperative optimization. Future research should prioritize multicenter prospective studies, integration of quality-of-life outcomes, and cost-effectiveness analyses to refine the role of these techniques in lower extremity reconstruction.