Prof. Dr. Karsten Knobloch, FACS^1,2*, Dr. Andreas Gohritz³, Prof. Dr. Frank Siemers⁴

¹SportPraxis Hannover Professor Knobloch, Hannover, Germany

²SportPraxis Austria, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria

³Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Universitätsspital Basel, Switzerland

⁴Klinik für Plastische und Handchirurgie/Brandverletztenzentrum, BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Haale/Saale, Germany

^*Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Karsten Knobloch, SportPraxis Hannover Professor Knobloch, Hannover, Germany.

Received: 24 July 2025; Accepted: 31 July 2025; Published: 07 August 2025

Article Information

Citation: Karsten Knobloch, Andreas Gohritz, Frank Siemers. Conservative Treatment of Nonunion of the Hamulus Ossis Hamati Using Focused Electromagnetic Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) and Extracorporeal Magnetotransduction Therapy (EMTT): A Case Report. Journal of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine. 7 (2025): 392-396.

DOI: 10.26502/josm.511500219

Abstract

Keywords

Nonunion; ESWT; EMTT; Shockwave; Hamulus; Tendons; Muscle; Dentistry

Article Details

1. Introduction

The hamulus ossis hamati (hook of the hamate) plays a vital role in wrist biomechanics, serving as origin of hypothenar muscles (flexor digiti minimi and opponens digiti minimi) and as an anchor for the flexor retinaculum. It also influences the function of the ulnar side of the hand. Fractures of the hamulus are uncommon [1], often resulting from repetitive trauma with force generated by tendons and muscles, or direct falls as acute injuries [2]. When left untreated, nonunion may develop in 24-83% [3-5], leading to chronic pain, functional limitations, and decreased grip strength which is especially significant in professions demanding a lot from the hands, like dentistry.

Surgical options, such as internal fixation or excision, are often considered the gold standard for managing symptomatic nonunion of the hamulus [6]. However, these procedures are associated with inherent risks, including persistent pain, decreased grip strength, and post-operative complications [7]. ESWT has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative for bone stimulation in nonunion situations, demonstrating promising results in various types of delayed bone healing in the hand [8-10]. Blood flow of the scaphoid bone is improved by focused ESWT [11].

Extracorporeal magnetotransduction therapy (EMTT) is a novel energy-based therapy that uses ultra-rapid oscillating magnetic fields. Recently, EMTT has been shown to up-regulate genes paramount for osteogenesis in line with accelerated matrix mineralization in bone healing [12].

This report describes the case of a of hamulus pseudarthrosis successfully treated with a combination of ESWT & EMTT.

2. Case Report

2.1 Patient History

A 30-year-old dentist presented with chronic ulnar-sided wrist pain that had persisted for three months following a bike crash on October 7, 2023 including a fall onto an outstretched dominant right hand. Initial radiographs were unremarkable, but advanced imaging (MRI) taken in December 2023 revealed a nonunion of the hamulus ossis hamati. Conservative management, including immobilization and physical therapy, had failed to alleviate symptoms. On Jan 9, 2024, a high-resolution cone beam CT scan (CBCT, SCS Med Series, Figure 1) was performed, demonstrating a nonunion at the base of the hook type Milch 1-3 [13].

Figure 1: Nonunion of a hamulus fracture at the base of the hook type Milch 1-3, as seen on a cone beam CT (CBCT SCS Med Series H22) scan on Jan 9, 2024 in a Dentist.

3. Treatment and Outcome

The patient underwent five sessions of focused electromagnetic ESWT (Storz Ultra, Tägerwilen, Switzerland)) and extracorporeal magnetotransduction therapy (EMTT) twice weekly. Focused electromagnetic ESWT was performed from palmar (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Nonunion of the hamulus ossis hamati treated with focused electromagnetic extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT, Storz Ultra) from palmar.

The treatment targeted the site of pseudarthrosis, guided by high resolutation ultrasound with a 22MHz Canon hockey stick probe (Canon Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan). After focused ESWT, the hand was place within the coil of the EMTT (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Nonunion of the hamulus ossis hamati treated with extracorporeal magnetotransduction therapy (EMTT, Storz Magnetolith) with the target area close to the rim inside the magnetic coil.

The ESWT and EMTT treatment parameters are noted in Table 1.

Table 1:  Treatment parameters of focused electromagnetic ESWT (energy flux density (mJ/mm2, number of shots, total energy (Joule), Storz Ultra) and EMTT (energy level, frequence, number of shots, Storz Magnetolith) for five consecutive sessions of combined therapy.

An organic casts was recommended for six weeks during bone stimulation therapy (Figure 4) to foster superior bone healing.

Figure 4: Ultra-light organic cast during bone stimulation therapy (Sporlastic ManuCast organic)

Within six weeks after the initial combined ESWT/EMTT treatment, the patient reported progressive pain relief and improvement in grip strength. Follow-up imaging with high-resolution CBCT scan at six weeks showed evidence of bone healing, and the patient returned to full activity as a dentist without any restrictions or residual symptoms (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Rapid consolidation of a nonunion of a hamulus fracture with cone beam CT on Feb 22, 2024 six weeks after the initial combined focused electromagnetic ESWT & EMTT treatment.

4. Discussion

4.1 Nonunion of the Hamulus Ossis Hamati

Pseudarthrosis of the hamulus ossis hamati is uncommon due to its unique anatomical and biomechanical properties. However, when it occurs, it presents significant challenges due to the structure’s small size and limited vascularity. A three-dimensional Chinese study reported that both, the hamate body as well as the hamulus received blood supply from multiple directions and arteries anastomosed extensively outside and inside the hamate [14]. The hamulus receives intraosseus blood supply from palmar, ulnar and the hamulus tip.

Since conservative nonoperative treatment often leads to nonunion situations in more than 50% of the cases, traditional management often involves surgical intervention, such as excision or fixation with screws, both of which carry potential drawbacks. Excision can result in biomechanical changes to the wrist, while fixation may lead to hardware-related complications or incomplete healing.

4.2 The Role of ESWT & EMTT in Delayed Bone Healing

ESWT is a well-established modality for enhancing bone healing by stimulating osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and cellular regeneration [15]. Studies suggest that ESWT is promoting the release of growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) [16-18]. These mechanisms may explain the observed rapid bone stimulation observed in the reported case. In clinical practice, the combination of focused ESWT and EMTT has been successfully used to treat scaphoid [19] nonunion, metacarpal [20] nonunion and humeral [21] nonunions. It appears that mechanotransduction with ESWT and magnetotransduction with EMTT in combination is superior to a single treatment modality. But the combination of ESWT & EMTT is not limited to adults. Even children and adolescents may undergo ESWT & EMTT for bone stimulation without the harm of epiphyseal interactions [22-24].

4.3 Clinical efficacy of ESWT & EMTT for Hamulus nonunion

This case demonstrates an excellent clinical and radiographic outcome following ESWT & EMTT with a fast recovery time. Pain relief, improved grip strength, and functional recovery were consistent findings, aligning with prior studies on ESWT and EMTT for delayed union or nonunion in other anatomical locations. Additionally, ESWT and EMTT provided a non-invasive option that avoided the risks associated with surgical intervention, such as infection, scar formation, or functional deficits which is especially of note in manual-demanding professions like dentistry.

4.4 Advantages of ESWT&EMTT over surgical management

1. total noninvasive treatment: ESWT and EMTT require no incisions or implants, thereby reducing the risk of complications.
2. Preservation of biomechanics: Unlike excision, ESWT and EMTT maintain the structural and functional integrity of the hamulus ossis hamati.
3. Shorter recovery time: Patients undergoing ESWT and EMTT can often resume activities sooner than those undergoing surgery
4. Cost-effectiveness: Avoiding surgery reduces hospitalization and overall treatment costs.

5. Conclusion

This case illustrates the potential of combining ESWT & EMTT as a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for nonunion of the hamulus ossis hamati. This modality offers significant benefits, including accelerated healing, pain relief, and preservation of wrist biomechanics, all without the need for surgery. Future studies involving larger cohorts are warranted to establish ESWT & EMTT as a standard bone stimulating conservative therapy for hamulus pseudarthrosis and other small bone injuries.

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