Article Information

Nicholas I Pilla^*, Mikayla Borusiewicz, Emily Smith, William L Hennrikus

Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, United States

^*Corresponding Author: Dr. Nicholas I. Pilla, Penn State Hershey Bone and Joint Institute 30 Hope Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States

 Received: 01 August 2020; Accepted: 10 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020

Citation: Nicholas I Pilla, Mikayla Borusiewicz, Emily Smith, William L Hennrikus. Oblique Compression Screw Fixation across the Physis for Tillaux Fractures in Adolescent. Journal of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine 2 (2020): 150-156.

Abstract

Keywords

Tillaux; Tillaux fractures; Orthopaedics; Pediatric orthopaedics; Trauma; Lower extremity trauma

Article Details

1. Introduction

Recognized by Paul Tillaux, and later described by Kleiger and Mankin, the Tillaux fracture occurs in adolescents whom a portion of the distal tibial physis has started to close [1-7]. Closure happens in early adolescence; first centrally, then medially, and finally laterally [1]. The Tillaux fracture pattern results from an external rotation injury to the foot causing the anterior-inferior tibio-fibular ligament (AITFL) to avulse a portion of the open distal tibia physis, resulting in a Salter-Harris III Fracture  An attempt at closed reduction and casting may be performed in adolescents with a displaced fracture [1, 8, 9]. Fractures displaced more than 2 mm have been treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) due to a report demonstrating degenerative changes and increased risk of arthritis if the fracture and joint surface remains displaced [10] A recent article by Lurie et al demonstrated that fractures with a gap greater than 2.5 mm after closed reduction is an indication for surgical management [11] ORIF results in alignment of the joint surface, and prevention of articular incongruity and arthritis [12-20].

The literature describes two different fixation techniques. The first involves placement of one or two pins or screws obliquely from the epiphyseal fragment into the distal tibial metaphysis [15-17, 21-24] This technique violates the physis with the screw. The second technique involves placement of one or two screws parallel through the epiphysis and the Tillaux fragment [19]. The second technique does not violate the physis but requires very precise screw placement. A 2019 article from Gordon et al demonstrated that both direct and indirect fixation of juvenile Tillaux fractures were effective in maintaining an anatomic reduction of the fracture [23]. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes, complications, and advantages of fixation of Tillaux fractures treated with an oblique compression screw that crosses the physis into the metaphysis.

2. Materials and Methods

This study was reviewed and approved by the college of medicine institutional review board. Ten patients with Tillaux fractures displaced greater than 2 mm were reviewed over a 3-year period. Three males and seven females were treated. The average age was 14 years. Inclusion criteria included individuals with a Tillaux fracture that remained displaced more than 2 mm following closed reduction. Patients were excluded if they did not undergo operative fixation for a Tillaux fracture. Measurements were made by the attending orthopedic surgeon on X-ray film. All patients failed closed reduction. Open reduction was performed via an anterolateral vertical 3 cm incision. General anesthesia, a tourniquet and fluoroscopy were utilized. A small arthrotomy was used to evaluate the articular surface. Fixation was performed with an obliquely placed 4 mm solid partially threaded screw (Synthes Paoli PA) that crossed the growth plate. A short leg non-weight bearing cast was placed for 3 weeks followed by a CAM boot for an additional 3 weeks with weight bearing as tolerated. Physical therapy was not utilized for any patient.

3. Results

10 patients with Tillaux fractures were reviewed. The mechanism of injury in two patients were the result of playing soccer, one from wrestling, one from roller skating, one from cross country, one playing baseball, one making a tackle, and three from a fall from height. The pre-operative fracture displacement averaged 4 mm (range 3 to 6). All fractures failed closed reduction. All fractures were anatomically reduced by open reduction and fixation with the use of an oblique screw placement (Figures 1 and 2). The average tourniquet time was 28 min (range 16 to 38). No infections, nerve injuries, or loss of reduction occurred. The average final follow-up period was 15 months with a range of 12 to 33 months. At final follow up, all had equal leg lengths and no angulation. Final leg-length discrepancy was measured using standardized blocks in clinic. No patient had pain, arthritis, joint stiffness, or limitation of activities at final follow up. All returned to pre-injury sports as tolerated. Six patients had hardware removed at an average of 18 weeks after surgery (range 8 to 30).

Figure 1:

4. Discussion

The distal tibia growth plate is the third most commonly injured growth plate [25-27]. Tillaux fractures are a transitional fracture of the growth plate. Most reports on Tillaux fractures are case series [28-31]. The most accepted mechanism of injury involves external rotation of the foot or internal rotation of the leg on a fixed foot [1, 5, 6]. This fracture pattern can be explained by an analysis of growth plate closure in adolescents. The distal tibial physis begins closing eighteen months before cessation of tibial growth. During this eighteen-month period, the physis begins to close. This occurs centrally first, then medially, and laterally last. A period of time exists where the lateral physis solely remains open. External rotation during this period of time results in a Tillaux fracture as the bony central and medial tibia are stronger than the lateral physis. Complete closure of the growth plate on average occurs at age 16-17 in boys and around 14-15 in girls. This makes the most susceptible age group for Tillaux fractures ages 12-16, before the growth plates have completely closed [1, 21, 28, 32].

Physeal injury is of less concern since most patients are close to skeletal maturity, and therefore complications like leg length discrepancy and angular deformity are rare due to decreased growth remaining at the physis [28]. However, these fracture types demand increased clinical awareness because it involves a major weight bearing articular surface. This case series demonstrated that anatomic reduction of the joint surface is the most important aspect of treating these fractures to minimize the risk of arthritis. Lurie et al reported that fractures with a gap greater than 2.5 mm after attempt at closed reduction was a negative predictor of functional outcome at a mean follow-up of 4.5 years [11] The current case series had no infections, nerve injuries, or loss of reduction with oblique screw placement; at final follow up, all had equal leg lengths and no angulation. No patient had pain, arthritis, joint stiffness or limitation of activities, and all returned to pre-injury sports as tolerated.

Use of an oblique screw which crosses the growth plate rather than parallel to the growth plate does not increase risk of complications. After successful bone healing and return to pre-injury activities, we recommended hardware removal to all patients. Four patients chose not to proceed with hardware removal. One study by Charlton et al. showed that total force, peak contact pressure and contact area were increased in cadavers after screw placement and decreased after screw removal [33].

The advantages to oblique screw placement through the physis include a technically simple, fast, and safe procedure. First, the angle can vary with oblique screw placement as noted in Figures 3 and 4, which allows for placement of a screw from any direction that the fracture morphology allows. Second, the procedure is theoretically faster due to the fact that perfection is not necessary with regards to screw angulation. Finally, the Tillaux fracture fragment can be so small that screws found in the fracture-sets often contain threads too numerous to obtain compression when used parallel to the physis. This can cause potential distraction of the fracture fragment as demonstrated in Figure 5. The limitations of this study include a small homogenous cohort of patients, lack of a control group, use of historical control groups from the literature, and lack of ten-year outcomes to evaluate for arthritis development. No patient in our cohort developed arthritis at the short term follow up. To our knowledge, there are no long-term studies evaluating the relationship of sustaining a Tillaux fracture to the future development of arthritis.

Figure 1:

5. Conclusion

The Tillaux fracture occurs in adolescents because of the unique pattern of closure of the distal tibial epiphysis. All patients in the current study that underwent ORIF reported similar outcomes of pain and range of motion. Use of an oblique screw crossing the growth plate did not lead to complications such as growth arrest, arthritis, loss of reduction, stiffness, or infection.

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