Abstracting and Indexing

  • Google Scholar
  • CrossRef
  • WorldCat
  • ResearchGate
  • Academic Keys
  • DRJI
  • Microsoft Academic
  • Academia.edu
  • OpenAIRE

Risky Sexual Behaviours among School-going Adolescent in Malaysia-Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017

Article Information

Noor Aliza Lodz*, Mohd Hatta Abd Mutalip, Mohd Amierul Fikri Mahmud, Maria Awaluddin S, Norzawati Yoep, Faizah Paiwai, Mohd Hazrin Hashim, Maisarah Omar, Noraida Mohamad Kasim, Noor Ani Ahmad

 

Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding Author: Noor Aliza Lodz, Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Received: 21 March 2019; Accepted: 02 April 2019; Published: 08 April 2019

Citation:

Noor Aliza Lodz, Mohd Hatta Abd Mutalip, Mohd Amierul Fikri Mahmud, Maria Awaluddin S, Norzawati Yoep, Faizah Paiwai, Mohd Hazrin Hashim, Maisarah Omar, Noraida Mohamad Kasim, Noor Ani Ahmad. Risky Sexual Behaviours among School-going Adolescent in Malaysia-Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health 3 (2019): 226-235.

View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook

Abstract

Sexual activities among adolescents poses to sexually transmitted infection (STI) and also unintended pregnancies. This study aims to determine the prevalence of risky sexual activities among school going adolescent in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study with a total of 27,497 secondary school students was done in March-April 2017. A self-administered structured and validated questionnaire was given to answer. The prevalence of ever had sex among adolescents in Malaysia was 7.3% and mostly among males and Indians. The associated factors to sexual activity among adolescents include ever used drugs with aOR=10.201 and ever smoked aOR=1.628. Among those who ever had sex, 87.3% did not use condom, 16.6% had multiple sexual partners and 31.7% had sex before the age of 14 years. The risky sexual behaviours are relatively high among these adolescents. Sexual health educations and programmes in school is vital to prevent any sexual-health related issues among adolescents.

Keywords

Adolescent, Sexual activity, Risky sexual behavior, Youth; Prevalence

Adolescent articles Adolescent Research articles Adolescent review articles Adolescent PubMed articles Adolescent PubMed Central articles Adolescent 2023 articles Adolescent 2024 articles Adolescent Scopus articles Adolescent impact factor journals Adolescent Scopus journals Adolescent PubMed journals Adolescent medical journals Adolescent free journals Adolescent best journals Adolescent top journals Adolescent free medical journals Adolescent famous journals Adolescent Google Scholar indexed journals Sexual activity articles Sexual activity Research articles Sexual activity review articles Sexual activity PubMed articles Sexual activity PubMed Central articles Sexual activity 2023 articles Sexual activity 2024 articles Sexual activity Scopus articles Sexual activity impact factor journals Sexual activity Scopus journals Sexual activity PubMed journals Sexual activity medical journals Sexual activity free journals Sexual activity best journals Sexual activity top journals Sexual activity free medical journals Sexual activity famous journals Sexual activity Google Scholar indexed journals Risky sexual behavior articles Risky sexual behavior Research articles Risky sexual behavior review articles Risky sexual behavior PubMed Central articles Risky sexual behavior 2023 articles Risky sexual behavior 2024 articles Risky sexual behavior Scopus articles Risky sexual behavior impact factor journals Risky sexual behavior Scopus journals Risky sexual behavior PubMed journals Risky sexual behavior medical journals Risky sexual behavior free journals Risky sexual behavior best journals Risky sexual behavior top journals Risky sexual behavior free medical journals Risky sexual behavior famous journals Risky sexual behavior Google Scholar indexed journals Youth articles Youth Research articles Youth review articles Youth PubMed Central articles Youth 2023 articles Youth 2024 articles Youth Scopus articles Youth impact factor journals Youth Scopus journals Youth PubMed journals Youth medical journals Youth free journals Youth best journals Youth top journals Youth free medical journals Youth famous journals Youth Google Scholar indexed journals Prevalence articles Prevalence Research articles Prevalence review articles Prevalence PubMed articles Prevalence PubMed Central articles Prevalence 2023 articles Prevalence 2024 articles Prevalence Scopus articles Prevalence impact factor journals Prevalence Scopus journals Prevalence PubMed journals Prevalence medical journals Prevalence free journals Prevalence best journals Prevalence top journals Prevalence free medical journals Prevalence famous journals Prevalence Google Scholar indexed journals health articles health Research articles health review articles health PubMed Central articles health 2023 articles health 2024 articles health Scopus articles health impact factor journals health Scopus journals health PubMed journals health medical journals health free journals health best journals health top journals health free medical journals health famous journals health Google Scholar indexed journals Global articles Global Research articles Global review articles Global PubMed Central articles Global 2023 articles Global 2024 articles Global Scopus articles Global impact factor journals Global Scopus journals Global PubMed journals Global medical journals Global free journals Global best journals Global top journals Global free medical journals Global famous journals Global Google Scholar indexed journals sexual behavior articles sexual behavior Research articles sexual behavior review articles sexual behavior PubMed articles sexual behavior PubMed Central articles sexual behavior 2023 articles sexual behavior 2024 articles sexual behavior Scopus articles sexual behavior impact factor journals sexual behavior Scopus journals sexual behavior PubMed journals sexual behavior medical journals sexual behavior free journals sexual behavior best journals sexual behavior top journals sexual behavior free medical journals sexual behavior famous journals sexual behavior Google Scholar indexed journals

Article Details

1. Introduction

Sexual Transmitted Infection (STI) and unplanned pregnancies remain in the list of public health problems worldwide and currently are on the rise [1]. WHO reported 10-40% of young unmarried girls aged 13-19 years, having unintended pregnancy [2]. It was also reported that the highest rate of Sexual Transmitted Illness (STI) worldwide was among young people aged 15-24 years [3]. Active sexual activity among youth makes them more vulnerable towards STIs and unplanned pregnancies [4]. World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the prevalence of premarital sexual activity among youth varies across regions. Studies suggest that in Asia, two to 11 percent of women have had sexual intercourse by the age of 18. In Latin America, 12 to 44 percent of women had sexual intercourse by age 16 and 45 to 52 percent of sub-Saharan African women had sexual intercourse by age 19. In developed countries, the prevalence was higher where most young women have had sex prior to age 20. There were 67 percent women in France, 79 percent in Great Britain and 71 percent in the United States that had sex prior to age 20. Among male youth, studies suggest that 24 to 75 percent of Asian men have had sex by age 18; 44 to 66 percent of Latin American men by age 16; and 45 to 73 percent of sub-Saharan African men by age 17. In developed countries, most young men have had sex prior to age 20; 83 percent in France, 85 percent in Great Britain, and 81 percent in the United States [5].

 

In Malaysia, a few studies have been done to determine the prevalence of sexual activity and the risk factors associated with it. In example, in 2012 there was a study done among school adolescents in the whole Malaysia known as Global School-based Student Health (GSHS) survey and reported the national prevalence of 8.3 percent adolescent ever had sex before the age of 18 [6]. In the previous study done by Lee LK, et al. in the year 2001 in Nigeria Sembilan, Malaysia showed that the prevalence was 5.4 percent and the prevalence was higher among males compared to females [7]. There were few similar factors identified in local studies as the risk factors of premarital sexual intercourse among school-going youth in Malaysia such as smoking, drugs and alcohol consuming [6-8] along with other factors including family management, knowledge on sexual health and peer pressure [8]. In the study done by Noor Ani, Indian ethnicity had a higher risk of having sexual intercourse during their teenage years [6]. Despite a few studies done before, we would like to know if the existing programme is adequate to curb this problem. Therefore, we aim to determine the latest prevalence of ever had sex among school adolescent and the prevalence of other risky sexual behaviours in Malaysia. We also aim to determine the risk factors associated with the behaviours, including socio-demographic characteristics.

 

2. Methodology And Sampling Design

2.1 Sampling

The Malaysian Adolescents health survey was a nationwide cross sectional study recruited adolescents attended government schools in Malaysia. The survey implemented a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design to ensure national representative of students from Form 1 to Form 5 aged between 12 to 18 years. The first stage of sampling was the selection of secondary schools under the Ministry of Education, Malaysia. Schools were selected randomly with probability proportionate to school enrollment size. The second stage was the selection of classroom from the selected school. Systematic random sampling was used to select classrooms from each selected school. All students in the selected classes were eligible to participate in the survey. A total of 212 schools and 27,497 respondents were selected to participate in this survey.

 

2.2 Ethical approval and consent

This study had obtained approvals from the Ministry of Health, Medical Research and Ethics Committee and Ministry of Education Ethics Committee with the file no [(05) KKM/NIHSEC/P16-714]. Approvals were also obtained from relevant Ministry of Education office at the State and district levels including the selected school itself. Parent consent form was explained to the teacher and were distributed to the parents a week prior to the survey. During the actual day of the survey, student’s consent was distributed to the eligible respondents before the survey was conducted. Students who were non-consented by their parents or they themselves refused to participate were considered as non-response in this survey.

 

2.3 Survey instruments

Validated self-administered bilingual Malaysian GSHS 2012 questionnaires with computer-scan-able answer sheet was used. Student privacy was given priority, as answer sheets were anonymous. For the variables “Ever-had sex” was assessed with the question: “Have you ever had sexual intercourse?” Responses with the answer “yes” were coded as positive. Other sexual behaviour questions were as follows: “How old were you when you had sexual intercourse for the first time?” “The last time you had sexual intercourse; did you or your partner use a condom?” “Ever-consumed alcohol” was assessed by the question “How old were you when you when you had your first drink of alcohol?” All responses other than “I have never had a drink of alcohol” were coded as positive. “Ever-smoked” was assessed by the question “How old were you when you first tried a cigarette?” All responses other than “I have never smoked cigarettes” were coded as positive. “Ever-used drug” was assessed by the question “How old were you when you first used drugs?” All responses other than “I have never used drugs” were coded as positive. Generally, risky sexual behaviour is defined as any activity that will lead to sexual activities that can cause an individual to get infected with STI and unplanned pregnancies.

 

2.4 Data management and analysis

Data were cleaned for valid answer and further analyzed using SPSS version 22 and STATA version 12. The complex sampling design was used for univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used and presented as an adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI). All statistical analyses were considered significant at p<0.05 or CI which did not include null.

 

3. Results

The prevalence of ever had sex among the school going adolescent in Malaysia was 7.3 percent nationwide (95% CI: 6.7, 8.0) which can be inferred to 156,618 adolescents with 8.8 percent (95% CI: 7.8, 9.9) of them were male students compared to 5.8 percent female students (95% CI: 5.3, 6.4).Majority of the students were Indian with the prevalence of 11% (95% CI: 8.5, 14.3). From those who ever had sex, it was reported that 87.3 percent (95% CI: 84.8, 89.4) of them did not use condom, 16.6 percent (95% CI: 14.0, 19.6) had multiple sexual partners, mostly among male students with 20.7 percent (95% CI: 17.2, 24.7) and in a rural area which was 18.3 percent (95% CI: 14.6, 22.7) compared to urban area 15.1 percent (95% CI: 11.7, 19.4). It was also reported that 31.7 percent (95% CI: 28.4, 35.1) of those who ever had sex had their first sexual intercourse before the age of 14 and rural area showed significantly higher prevalence with 38.6 percent (95% CI: 33.8, 43.6) compared to 25.5 percent (95% CI: 21.3, 30.1) in urban area (Table 1).

 

Variable

Ever had Sex

Did not use Condom

Multiple Sex Partner

Had Sex age < 14 years old

n

N

Prevalence (95% CI)

n

N

Prevalence (95% CI)

n

N

Prevalence (95% CI)

n

N

Prevalence (95% CI)

Malaysia (Nationwide)

1,914

156,618

7.3 (6.7, 8.0)

1,677

136,435

87.3 (84.8, 89.4)

291

26,009

16.6 (14.0, 19.6)

582

49,597

31.7 (28.4, 35.1)

Locality 

Urban

1,025

82,519

6.8 (5.9, 7.9)

931

74,417

90.3 (86.9, 92.9)

128

12,498

15.1 (11.7, 19.4)

245

21,030

25.5 (21.3, 30.1)

Rural

889

74,099

8.0 (7.1, 8.9)

746

62,019

83.9 (80.0, 87.2)

163

13,511

18.3 (14.6, 22.7)

337

28,567

38.6 (33.8, 43.6)

Sex 

Male

1,123

93,571

8.8 (7.8, 9.9)

946

78,725

84.4 (81.2, 87.2)

225

19,346

20.7 (17.2, 24.7)

391

32,537

34.8 (30.3, 39.5)

Female

791

63,047

5.8 (5.3, 6.4)

731

57,710

91.5 (88.5, 93.8)

66

6,664

10.6 (7.6, 14.4)

191

17,060

27.1 (23.0, 31.6)

Age

<=15 years

1,221

96,576

7.4 (6.7, 8.3)

1,068

84,127

87.3 (84.4, 89.7)

188

16,470

17.1 (13.9, 20.8)

419

34,922

36.2 (32.4, 40.1)

>=16 years old

693

60,043

7.1 (6.1, 8.3)

609

52,308

87.3 (82.5, 90.9)

103

9,539

15.9 (11.7, 21.2)

163

14,675

24.4 (19.3, 30.5)

Ethnicity

Malay

1,240

94,253

7.0 (6.3, 7.7)

1,107

84,262

89.7 (87.0, 91.9)

148

11,276

12.0 (9.7, 14.7)

339

25,615

27.2 (23.8, 30.9)

Chinese

268

24,359

6.8 (5.6, 8.3)

226

20,619

84.6 (79.2, 88.8)

56

5,778

23.7 (16.8, 32.3)

93

8,885

36.5 (30.5, 42.9)

Indian

146

16,297

11.0 (8.5, 14.3)

121

12,956

79.5 (64.8, 89.1)

32

3,934

24.2 (16.1, 34.7)

65

7,460

45.8 (36.0, 55.9)

Bumiputera Sabah& Sarawak

218

18,992

7.7 (6.4, 9.4)

187

16,391

86.3 (79.4, 91.1)

46

4,458

23.5 (16.8, 31.8)

72

6,838

36.0 (26.8, 46.3)

Others

42

2,717

7.2 (5.1, 10.0)

36

2,207

81.2 (59.6, 92.7)

9

566

20.8 (8.5, 42.8)

13

797

29.3 (15.7, 48.0)

Ever Smoked

Yes

677

55,921

15.1 (13.2, 17.4)

526

42,799

77.0 (71.9, 81.4)

208

18,607

33.4 (27.9, 39.3)

326

28,065

50.2 (43.6, 56.8)

No

1,236

100,597

5.7 (5.2, 6.2)

1,151

93,636

93.1 (91.2, 94.6)

82

7,302

7.3 (5.5, 9.5)

256

21,532

21.4 (18.5, 24.6)

Ever drink alcohol

Yes

610

52,872

12.9 (10.9, 15.3)

448

38,586

73.4 (68.6, 77.8)

228

20,887

39.6 (33.7, 45.9)

345

30,429

57.6 (51.1, 63.7)

No

1,304

103,746

6.0 (5.5, 6.5)

1,229

97,850

94.3 (92.6, 95.6)

63

5,122

4.9 (3.6, 6.8)

237

19,167

18.5 (15.9, 21.4)

Ever drug used

Yes

462

40,860

45.9 (40.6, 51.3)

311

26896

66.4 (60.6, 71.6)

211

19,846

48.7 (41.7, 55.8)

315

28,358

69.4 (62.8, 75.3)

No

1,452

115,757

5.6 (5.2, 6.1)

1,366

109539

94.6 (93.0, 95.9)

80

6163

5.3 (4.1, 6.9)

267

21,239

18.3 (16.0, 21.0)

Table1: Prevalence of Sexual behaviours among adolescent in Malaysia.

Using the bivariate analysis, it was noticed that male and Indian ethnicity showed a significant correlation with the prevalence of ever had sex with the odds ratio of 1.559 (95% CI: 1.359, 1789) and p-value <0.001 and odds ratio of 1.692 (95% CI: 1.229, 2.328) and p-value 0.001 respectively. The prevalence of ever had sex increased in those who ever smoke with the odds ratios of 2.957 (95% CI: 2.543, 3.439) and p-value <0.001. Those who ever drink alcohol and ever used drugs increased the chances of having sex by 2.323 (95% CI: 1.920, 2.810) and 14.168 (95% CI: 11.382, 17.635) with p-value <0.001 respectively. It was then continued with multivariate analysis, which revealed that ever had sex was most significantly associated with ever used drugs with aOR of 10.201 (95% CI: 7.891, 13.187) followed by those who ever smoked with aOR of 1.628 (95% CI: 1.365, 1.941) (Table 2-Supplementary file).

 

4. Discussion

In this study, we used a similar instrument as in the previous nationwide survey in 2012 [6]. This study had surveyed selected government school-going adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The findings of this study yield the most current national estimates on sexual behavior and practices among adolescents in Malaysia. The prevalence of sexual activity among adolescents was 7.3% noting a decremental pattern as compared to the previous 2012 cohort [6]. The prevalence of sexual activity also remains low as compared to other Asian countries, including 11.2% in Brunei [9], 11.0% in Thailand [10] and 50.4% in Taiwan [11]. As anticipated, the prevalence of sexual activity in this study also lower than the global prevalence which ranging between 25% in the African region [12], 41% in the US [13] and 19.2% among European adolescents [14]. We anticipated possible information bias as Malaysian adolescents might feel uncomfortable about disclosing information about their sexual activity despite we employed a self-administered method with an anonymous identification to minimize this bias. This discrete behavior was similarly observed as in a similar study conducted in Indonesia, a predominated Muslim country where response rates for sensitive questions were very low [15, 16]. Indonesian adolescents tend not to disclose as much information about sensitive information as they feel uncomfortable about sharing their personal sexual experiences due to religion and cultural constraint [16, 17].

 

There is a shift in the sexual activity pattern among adolescents where the prevalence of sexual behavior was found higher in rural areas than urban areas. Knowledge and awareness about the impending impact of sexual reproductive health is still lacking [18] where rural adolescents had no access to information on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [19]. The findings of this study are vital for policy making to provide and expand sexual and reproductive health services in rural areas to ensure equitable access to information on SRH that substantially could prevent unintended consequences of risky sexual activity [19]. Risky sexual was also observed among sexually active rural girls where they tend to engage in multiple sex partners and did not practice safe sex in the last sexual intercourse [8]. Additionally, study in Brazil reported after controlling for other factors; alcohol use experimentation and having had close friends of 3 or more were positively associated with sexual intercourse among rural adolescents [20].

 

Our study found that sexual activity was predominated by males than females in which the findings corroborated with other previous surveys conducted in Malaysia [21] and other surveys from neighboring Asian countries [9, 10]. In contrast with previous survey done by Noor Ani Ahmad and Mudassir Anwar, gender was not a significant factor for sexual [6]. The relationship between gender and sexual activity remains equivocal, but most studies reported male engagement in sexual activity, mostly attributable to early sexual debut predominated by males [7]. There are also evidence of which behavioral choices might be determined by their perception and influence of their peers [11, 17]. Boys also like to sharepronography materials among themselves that ignite sexual curiosity and experimentation in sexual activity [17].

 

There are various clustering behavioral risk factors such as smoking and drug used which significantly correlates with sexual activity [11, 14, 22]. This study also revealsubtantial associations between adolescents who smoke and drink alcohol with engagment in sexual activity. Our findings are cogent with previousnationwide study [6] and other studies conducted in other countries such as Colombia and Africa [3, 23, 24]. This is because those who are under the influence of alcohol were perceived to behave more sexually than when alcohol was not consumed [25]. Evidently, adolescents who engaged in sexual activity who experienced smoking and drinking also reported poorer health outcomes [11].

 

Condom utilization among adolescents who have had sex was very low in this study and the prevalence is decreasing compared to similar previous study in 2012 [6]. Contraceptive utilization is still poor where, most adolescents prefer to use a condom than other methods [21]. Previous study also highlighted utilization of other birth control methods where 43.7% of them used other contraceptive methods on the last time they had sex [6]. As an empowerment to minimize the risk of HIV transmission and unintended pregnancy, most countries have successfully instilled awareness and ensure access to condom or contraceptive methods among adolescents. One qualitative study highlights avoiding pregnancy was the main reason to practice safe sex, while some adolescents who had sex with casual partners perceived safe sex was for cleanliness rather than HIV and STIs prevention [26]. Numerous studies have also documented inadequate knowledge about HIV and STI transmission diminishes condom use among adolescents and barrier to adolescent’s SRH clinic impedes adolescent’s right to obtain information about safe sex and contraceptives [27]. As our study did not assess knowledge and awareness on HIV and STI transmission, it’s difficult to identify reasons of not using condom when they have had sex.

 

5. Limitations

This study used a standardized questionnaire adapted from the Global Health School Survey (GSHS) and we did not include questions that explore specifically on adolescent’s sexual health. However, we managed to capture few important indicators on sexual behavior and practices of adolescents. This study yields a prevalence odds ratio, which employed cross-sectional study design from another cohort of students than the study in GSHS 2012. Hence, the study did not able to establish causal-relationship between the outcome and predictor variables. However, we believe this study could provide insights on the current up to date pattern of adolescent’s sexual behavior for policy making and medical personnels who manage sexual health among adolescents.

 

6. Implications and Recommendations

Stigmatization and barrier to SRH services with limited access to comprehensive information about SRH could detriment sexual health among adolescents. Access to SRH in primary care settings might be limited and costly, which requires expanded coverage [28], there is a dire for a suitable comprehensive SRHeducation in schools. The school-based SRH is imperative to instill a better understanding on safe sex and the consequences of unintended health outcomes from premarital sex [17, 21, 29]. Inculcating knowledge and awareness on SRH have been proven to reduce unintended pregnancies and also mitigate sexually transmitted infection among adolescents [29, 30]. Findings from this study indicates promulgating early school-based education intervention could effectively modify the HIV risk behavior [29] and reduce health disparities for SRH services for adolescents [28].

 

7. Conclusions

From this study, we can still see the lacking of the awareness regarding sexual health problems among the school-going adolescents. More comprehensive and holistic approach towards the students should be done to avoid this sexual related health problems in Malaysia to rise in the future.

 

Competing Interests

All authors disclose that there is no competing interest. All authors had no potential conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

 

Acknowledgements

The author(s) would like to express our gratitude to the Director General of Health Malaysia and the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) Steering Committee Team for supporting this research. We also would like to thank the Director General of Education, Ministry of Education Malaysia for the permission to conduct the survey in school settings and to those who involved in this research team and the student who joined the survey.

 

Funding

This survey was totally funded by Ministry of Health Malaysia research grant, including the publication fees.

 

References

  1. Ivankovich MB, Fenton KA, Douglas JM Jr. Considerations for national public health leadership in advancing sexual health. Public Health Rep 128 (2013): 102-110.
  2. Fact Sheet No. 345: Young People and Family Planning: Teenage Pregnancy. Malaysia UNICEF (2008).
  3. Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis 40 (2013): 187-193.
  4. Aspy CB, Vesely SK, Oman RF, et al. Parental communication and youth sexual behaviour. J Adolesc 30 (2007): 449-466.
  5. Wellings K, Collumbien M, Slaymaker E, et al. Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective. Lancet 368 (2006): 1706-1728.
  6. Ahmad N, Awaluddin SM, Ismail H, et al. Sexual activity among Malaysian school-going adolescents: what are the risk and protective factors? Asia Pac J Public Health 26 (2014): 44-52.
  7. Lee LK, Chen P, Lee K, et al. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in Malaysia: a cross-sectional Malaysian school survey. Singapore medical journal 47 (2006): 476-481.
  8. Ahmadian M, Hamsan HH, Abdullah H, et al. Risky sexual behavior among rural female adolescents in Malaysia: a limited role of protective factors. Glob J Health Sci 6 (2014): 165-174.
  9. Razak LA. Global School-based Student Health Survey 2014. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei: Ministry of Health Brunei (2014).
  10. Peltzer K and Pengpid S. Prevalence and social correlates of sexual intercourse among school-going adolescents in Thailand. ScientificWorldJournal 11 (2011): 1812-1820.
  11. Chiao C and Yi C-C. Adolescent premarital sex and health outcomes among Taiwanese youth: perception of best friends' sexual behavior and the contextual effect. AIDS Care 23 (2011): 1083-1092.
  12. Doyle AM, Mavedzenge SN, Plummer ML, et al. The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns and trends from national surveys. Trop Med Int Health 17 (2012): 796-807.
  13. Sexual Risk Behaviors: HIV, STD, and Teen Pregnancy Prevention (2018).
  14. Gambadauro P, Carli V, Hadlaczky G, et al. Correlates of sexual initiation among European adolescents. PLOS ONE 13 (2018): e0191451.
  15. RI KK. Perilaku Berisiko Kesehatan Pada Pelajar SMP dan SMA di Indonesa 2015. Jakarta, Indonesia Puslitbang Upaya Kesehatan Masyarakat, Badan Litbangkes Kementerian Kesehatan RI (2015).
  16. Susanto T, Rahmawati I, Wuryaningsih EW, et al. Prevalence of factors related to active reproductive health behavior: a cross-sectional study Indonesian adolescent. Epidemiol Health 38 (2016): e2016041.
  17. Jaafar JAS, Wibowo I, Afiatin T. The Relationship Between Religiosity, Youth Culture, and Premarital Sex among Malaysian and Indonesian Adolescents. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development 16 (2006): 5-18.
  18. Mustapa MC, Ismail KH, Mohamad MS, et al. Knowledge on Sexuality and Reproductive Health of Malaysian Adolescents-A Short Review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 211 (2015): 221-225.
  19. Langhaug LF, Cowan FM, Nyamurera T, et al. Improving young people's access to reproductive health care in rural Zimbabwe. AIDS Care 15 (2003): 147-157.
  20. Sousa BC, Santos RSD, Santana KC, et al. Sexual behavior and associated factors in rural adolescents. Rev Saude Publica 52 (2018): 39.
  21. Wy L. Malaysian Youth Sexuality: Issues and Challenges. Journal of Health and Translational Medicine 12 (2009): 3-14.
  22. Smith LW, Liu B, Degenhardt L, et al. Is sexual content in new media linked to sexual risk behaviour in young people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexual Health 13 (2016): 501-515.
  23. Jackson C, Sweeting H and Haw S. Clustering of substance use and sexual risk behaviour in adolescence: analysis of two cohort studies. BMJ Open 2 (2012): e000661.
  24. Brook DW, Brook JS, Pahl T, et al. The longitudinal relationship between drug use and risky sexual behaviors among colombian adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156 (2002): 1101-1107.
  25. Abbey A, Zawacki T and McAuslan P. Alcohol’s effects on sexual perception. J Stud Alcohol 61 (2000): 688-697.
  26. Ghafari M, Shamsuddin K and Amiri M. Barriers to Utilization of Health Services: Perception of Postsecondary School Malaysian Urban Youth. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 5 (2014): 805-806.
  27. Newton-Levinson A, Leichliter JS and Chandra-Mouli V. Sexually Transmitted Infection Services for Adolescents and Youth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Perceived and Experienced Barriers to Accessing Care. J Adolesc Health 59 (2016): 7-16.
  28. Pringle J, Mills KL, McAteer J, et al. The physiology of adolescent sexual behaviour: A systematic review. Cogent Social Sciences 3 (2017): 1368858.
  29. Ng CJ and Kamal S. Bridging the gap between adolescent sexuality and HIV risk: the urban Malaysian perspective. Malaysian Family Physician 1 (2006): 1.
  30. Fonner VA, Armstrong KS, Kennedy CE, et al. School based sex education and HIV prevention in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9 (2014): e89692.

 

 Citation: Noor Aliza Lodz, Mohd Hatta Abd Mutalip, Mohd Amierul Fikri Mahmud, Maria Awaluddin S, Norzawati Yoep, Faizah Paiwai, Mohd Hazrin Hashim, Maisarah Omar, Noraida Mohamad Kasim, Noor Ani Ahmad. Risky Sexual Behaviours among School-going Adolescent in Malaysia-Findings from National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health 3 (2019): 226-235

Journal Statistics

Impact Factor: * 3.6

CiteScore: 2.9

Acceptance Rate: 11.01%

Time to first decision: 10.4 days

Time from article received to acceptance: 2-3 weeks

Discover More: Recent Articles

Grant Support Articles

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved!