Abstracting and Indexing

  • Google Scholar
  • CrossRef
  • WorldCat
  • ResearchGate
  • Academic Keys
  • DRJI
  • Microsoft Academic
  • Academia.edu
  • OpenAIRE

Therapeutic Monitoring of Tuberculosis among Detainees in the Prison of Antanimora, Madagascar

Article Information

Niaina Zakaria Rodolphe Andriamifidison1, Naja Jessica Rakotoarinetra Dimbiniaina2, Zafindrasoa Domoina Rakotovao-Ravahatra3*, Rondro Nirina Raharimanana4, Radonirina Lazasoa Andrianasolo2, Rahantalalao Henriette Ratsimbazafimahefa2

1Analakely University Hospital Center for Care and Public Health. Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar

2Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar

3Laboratory of Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital.  Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar

4University Hospital Center of Fenoarivo. Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar

*Corresponding Author: Zafindrasoa Domoina Rakotovao-Ravahatra, Laboratory of Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Antananarivo, Madagascar

Received: 20 April 2022; Accepted: 25 April 2022; Published: 19 May 2022

Citation: Niaina Zakaria Rodolphe Andriamifidison, Naja Jessica Rakotoarinetra Dimbiniaina, Zafindrasoa Domoina Rakotovao-Ravahatra, Rondro Nirina Raharimanana, Radonirina Lazasoa Andrianasolo, Rahantalalao Henriette Ratsimbazafimahefa. Therapeutic Monitoring of Tuberculosis among Detainees in the Prison of Antanimora, Madagascar. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health 6 (2022): 182-188

View / Download Pdf Share at Facebook

Keywords

Tuberculosis; Therapy; Prisoners; Age

Tuberculosis articles; Therapy articles; Prisoners articles; Age articles

Tuberculosis articles Tuberculosis Research articles Tuberculosis review articles Tuberculosis PubMed articles Tuberculosis PubMed Central articles Tuberculosis 2023 articles Tuberculosis 2024 articles Tuberculosis Scopus articles Tuberculosis impact factor journals Tuberculosis Scopus journals Tuberculosis PubMed journals Tuberculosis medical journals Tuberculosis free journals Tuberculosis best journals Tuberculosis top journals Tuberculosis free medical journals Tuberculosis famous journals Tuberculosis Google Scholar indexed journals Therapy articles Therapy Research articles Therapy review articles Therapy PubMed articles Therapy PubMed Central articles Therapy 2023 articles Therapy 2024 articles Therapy Scopus articles Therapy impact factor journals Therapy Scopus journals Therapy PubMed journals Therapy medical journals Therapy free journals Therapy best journals Therapy top journals Therapy free medical journals Therapy famous journals Therapy Google Scholar indexed journals Prisoners articles Prisoners Research articles Prisoners review articles Prisoners PubMed articles Prisoners PubMed Central articles Prisoners 2023 articles Prisoners 2024 articles Prisoners Scopus articles Prisoners impact factor journals Prisoners Scopus journals Prisoners PubMed journals Prisoners medical journals Prisoners free journals Prisoners best journals Prisoners top journals Prisoners free medical journals Prisoners famous journals Prisoners Google Scholar indexed journals Age articles Age Research articles Age review articles Age PubMed articles Age PubMed Central articles Age 2023 articles Age 2024 articles Age Scopus articles Age impact factor journals Age Scopus journals Age PubMed journals Age medical journals Age free journals Age best journals Age top journals Age free medical journals Age famous journals Age Google Scholar indexed journals lungs articles lungs Research articles lungs review articles lungs PubMed articles lungs PubMed Central articles lungs 2023 articles lungs 2024 articles lungs Scopus articles lungs impact factor journals lungs Scopus journals lungs PubMed journals lungs medical journals lungs free journals lungs best journals lungs top journals lungs free medical journals lungs famous journals lungs Google Scholar indexed journals infection articles infection Research articles infection review articles infection PubMed articles infection PubMed Central articles infection 2023 articles infection 2024 articles infection Scopus articles infection impact factor journals infection Scopus journals infection PubMed journals infection medical journals infection free journals infection best journals infection top journals infection free medical journals infection famous journals infection Google Scholar indexed journals inhabitants articles inhabitants Research articles inhabitants review articles inhabitants PubMed articles inhabitants PubMed Central articles inhabitants 2023 articles inhabitants 2024 articles inhabitants Scopus articles inhabitants impact factor journals inhabitants Scopus journals inhabitants PubMed journals inhabitants medical journals inhabitants free journals inhabitants best journals inhabitants top journals inhabitants free medical journals inhabitants famous journals inhabitants Google Scholar indexed journals tuberculosis patients articles tuberculosis patients Research articles tuberculosis patients review articles tuberculosis patients PubMed articles tuberculosis patients PubMed Central articles tuberculosis patients 2023 articles tuberculosis patients 2024 articles tuberculosis patients Scopus articles tuberculosis patients impact factor journals tuberculosis patients Scopus journals tuberculosis patients PubMed journals tuberculosis patients medical journals tuberculosis patients free journals tuberculosis patients best journals tuberculosis patients top journals tuberculosis patients free medical journals tuberculosis patients famous journals tuberculosis patients Google Scholar indexed journals tobacco consumption articles tobacco consumption Research articles tobacco consumption review articles tobacco consumption PubMed articles tobacco consumption PubMed Central articles tobacco consumption 2023 articles tobacco consumption 2024 articles tobacco consumption Scopus articles tobacco consumption impact factor journals tobacco consumption Scopus journals tobacco consumption PubMed journals tobacco consumption medical journals tobacco consumption free journals tobacco consumption best journals tobacco consumption top journals tobacco consumption free medical journals tobacco consumption famous journals tobacco consumption Google Scholar indexed journals

Article Details

1. Introduction

Pulmonary tuberculosis is the infection of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis has been described since Hippocrates by the Greek term “phthisis”, with progressive weakening of the patients who were affected [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated at 10.4 million the number of new cases of tuberculosis in the world in 2016. Currently, there is an overall decrease in the incidence, in particular in the countries of the European Union and the European Economic Area, where the reporting rate was 11.7 cases/105 inhabitants in 2015 [2]. In addition, there is also an inequality in the geographical distribution of tuberculosis cases since more than 95% of the cases and 98% of the deaths caused by tuberculosis are notified in the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America [3]. The global incidence of contagious tuberculosis is 63 per 100,000 inhabitants on average. In sub-Saharan Africa, it reaches 149 per 100,000 inhabitants [3]. 74% of all reported HIV-positive and tuberculosis patients (1.2 million) occurring worldwide in 2014 are in Africa [4]. In Madagascar, in 2016, tuberculosis caused an estimated mortality rate of 64/100,000 inhabitants. Mortality including HIV+Tuberculosis is 2.4/100,000 inhabitants. The incidence including HIV+Tuberculosis is 237/100,000 inhabitants [5, 6]. Studies around the world have shown that the prevalence of tuberculosis is higher in prisoners than in the general population [7]. For Madagascar, this study on the therapeutic follow-up of tuberculosis in the prison environment is still poorly known. Indeed, the question arises, what are the factors involved in the prison environment that have an impact on the therapeutic outcome of tuberculosis? As a hypothesis, we assume that the tuberculosis cure rate depends on the socio-economic profile of the prisoner, the prison infrastructure, and the quality of care by the medical staff. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the therapeutic performance of tuberculosis in prison.

2. Materials and Methods

This study took place in the prison of Antanimora located in the capital of Madagascar, on the road to the University of Antananarivo, in the 2nd district. This is a retrospective cross-sectional and descriptive study.

The study period concerned the therapeutic continuation of tuberculosis from January 2016 to December 2018. All male prisoners included in the study period were included. Inmates with confidential files and unusable files were excluded from the study. The following variables were studied: age, profession, Body Mass Index, conditions of detention, screening, control, therapeutic outcome. The data was collected from a questionnaire, analyzed by epi info 7. The chi2 or Fisher test was used to compare the proportions. The chosen significance threshold is p<0.05.

3. Results

The size of the sample is raised to 87 inmates with tuberculosis. More than half of the inmates with tuberculosis belong to the age range of 35 years and above, with an average of 35 ± 8.7 years. It should be noted that 66.8% of tuberculosis patients are unemployed and 17.20% work in the tertiary sector. It was observed that 55 inmates possess a normal weight, i.e. 63.2%. The study showed that all tuberculosis patients were screened for tuberculosis at the time of diagnosis. Regarding control, 78% of prisoners with tuberculosis were re-controlled during treatment. The remaining 22% are transferred or died before the control period. According to the therapeutic results, the proportion of cure amounts to 78.2%. Healing is higher in the age group of 35 years and over (54.41%) and in prisoners with a normal Body Mass Index (64.71%). On the other hand, high proportions of non-recovery were observed among prisoners who did not carry out the control (100%, p<10-10) and who underwent a medical evacuation (89.47%, p=0, 0007) (Table 1).

Variables

Recovery

p-value

 

NO

YES

 

Age (years)

     

<35

10 (52.63)

31 (45.59)

 

35 and over

9 (47.37)

37 (54.41)

NS*

Body mass index

     

Malnourished

8 (42.11)

24 (35.29)

 

Normal

11 (57.89)

44 (64.71)

NS

Control strategy

     

NO

19 (100.00)

0 (0.00)

<10-10

YES

0 (0.00)

68 (100.00)

 

Sanitary evacuation

     

YES

17 (89.47)

28 (41.18)

0.0007

NO

2 (10.53)

40 (58.82)

 

Total

19 (100.00)

68 (100 (0.00)

 

*Not significant

Table 1: Distribution of prisoners according to recovery.

The case fatality rate of tuberculosis is 5.74% in the prison of Antanimora. High death rates were noted among detainees: 35 years and over (80%), malnourished (80%), not having carried out a check-up (100%), who underwent medical evacuation (100%) (Table 2).

Variables

Death

p-value

 

YES

NO

 

Age (years)

     

<35

1 (20,00)

40 (48,78)

 

35 and over

4 (80,00)

42 (51,22)

NS

Body mass index

     

Malnourished

4 (80,00)

28 (34,15)

 

Normal

1 (20,00)

54 (65,85)

0,03

Control strategy

     

NO

5 (100,00)

14 (17,07)

 

YES

0(0,00)

68 (82,93))

0,0001

Sanitary evacuation

     

YES

5(100,00)

40 (48,78)

0,01

NO

0 (0,00)

42 (51,22)

 

Total

5 (100,00)

82 (100 (0,00)

 

Table 2: Distribution of prisoners according to death.

4. Discussion

Concerning the age in this study, the average age was 35 ± 8.7 years and recovery is higher in the age group of 35 years and over. This result is similar to other studies. Indeed, Catherine R found during a study within the Champ-Dollon prison that the average age of tuberculosis patients was 33 years [8]. Another study, in Ile de France in 2006, found an average age of 32 years [9]. Other results in African prisons are slightly different from this study. Thus, Diendere E in Burkina Faso found an average age of 31 years [10]. And other authors have found that in Nigerian prisons, the average age was 30.5 years [11]. This age category is relevant because the majority of offenders are young men who are unemployed. In addition, these young men use drugs that promote the occurrence of tuberculosis in this age category. Selon l’indice de masse corporelle.

Concerning the body mass index, 63% of tuberculosis patients had a normal weight at the time of diagnosis. The proportion of recovery is high among prisoners with a normal body mass index (64.71%). However, other African prisons have opposite results with a predominance of malnourished inmates. Malnutrition is observed in 75% of prisoners in the penal camp of Shagamu in Nigeria [12] and Bouaké in Côte d'Ivoire [13]. Indeed, in this study, prisoners received food from outside and ? or from their family. Besides, they can also cook their own meal. In addition, they receive cassava-based food once a day. This situation is different from that observed in the prison of Bouaké in Côte d'Ivoire, where the prisoner’s food ration is qualitatively and quantitatively insufficient [13].

Regarding screening, it is not systematic for the Antanimora tuberculosis diagnostic center except for symptomatic prisoners. Similarly, a study in Senegal highlighted certain difficulties in screening for tuberculosis. In this study, screening was not systematic upon admission and prisoners only screened in the event of symptoms [14]. On the other hand, screening for tuberculosis is compulsory for certain prisons in developed countries such as in Ile de France [15]. Indeed, according to the standards, screening must be systematic for new prisoners. New entrants should benefit from it according to international recommendations [16, 17]. Some countries do not do screening due to lack of financial and human resources.

According to the checks, 78% of tuberculosis patients were rechecked. Non-healing was observed in prisoners who were not controlled (100%, p<10-10). In the case of Madagascar, the National Tuberculosis Control Program recommends controls during the 2nd, 4th and 6th month of treatment. The Ivorian and Tunisian National Programs also recommend the same control periods [18]. Detainees transferred before the control period are not considered controlled due to the lack of data indicating further treatment from the new treatment centre.

According to the therapeutic results, the evaluation made it possible to know the performance of the management of tuberculosis in the prison of Antanimora. The data collected described that more than half of the inmates treated were cured (78.2%). Despite this result, five (05) deaths were recorded during the period concerned (5.74%). High death rates were noted among detainees aged 35 and over (80%), malnourished (80%), who had not been checked (100%) and who had been evacuated (100%). These statistics have evolved positively. A study carried out in 2002 by Randriambeloniary MH, within this same center described a worse result with 97/371 tuberculosis patients declared cured (26.14%), a very high mortality rate (13.75%) and a rate loss of sight of 13.12%. And for the rest of the detainees, either they escaped, or they were released, or they abandoned their treatment [18, 19]. Despite improved care, the cure rate is still below the national program target. On the other hand, a study carried out in the service of prisoners at the Moulay Youssef CHU Ibn Sina hospital in 2017 showed a therapeutic performance lower than that evaluated by this study. At Moulay Youssef CHU Ibn hospital, only 62% of patients were cured [20]. These comparative data confirm that the management of tuberculosis at the Antanimora tuberculosis diagnostic center is acceptable despite a national objective not achieved.

5. Conclusion

Throughout the world, the incidence of tuberculosis is significantly higher in prisons than in the general population. The data varies by continent, by country, and by center. Several characteristics are constant and common in African prisons, including Madagascar. Among the 87 cases of tuberculosis, the evaluation of therapeutic performance revealed a cure rate of 78.2% and a mortality rate of 5.74%. The results of the study made it possible to note the relationship between the therapeutic follow-up and the various factors, namely the socio-economic factors, the conditions of detention as well as the quality of care. These parameters constitute both a risk factor for the onset of the disease but also a prognostic factor for the outcome of the treatment. In short, carrying out a national study in other prisons will be of great help in developing and improving the next National Tuberculosis Control Program for more specific care of vulnerable people.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the staff of the prison of Antanimora. We also thank all the prisoners who agreed to participate in this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors do not declare any conflict of interest.

References

  1. Katzelma TWB. The frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis in the prison of Bamako [Thesis]. Pharmacy: Bamako (2015).
  2. Aubry P, Kamanfu G, Mlika-Cabanne N, et al. Tuberculosis in the era of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Experience of a Central African country: Burundi. Médecine Tropicale 54 (1994) : 67-74.
  3. Boulahbal F, Chaulet P. Tuberculosis in Africa: epidemiology and control measures. Médecine Tropicale 64 (2004): 224-228.
  4. World Health Organization (WHO). Framework for the implementation of the “WHO Strategy to End TB” in the African Region during the period 2016 - 2020. Geneva: WHO 18 (2017):1-2.
  5. Rakotonirina EJ, Rakotomanga JDM, Macq J, et al. State of the fight against tuberculosis in Madagascar from 1996-2004. Médecine Tropicale 69 (2009) : 493-495.
  6. Tiaray M, Rajaoarifetra J, Ravahatra K, et al. Retreatment tuberculosis cases observed in Pulmonology Unit at the CHU Mahajanga, Madagascar (2008-2011). Revue Médicale de Madagascar 5 (2015) : 566-570.
  7. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Epidemiological summary in the seven countries supported by the union (AFD programme). Bulletin of tuberculosis in French-speaking Africa. Kigali: UICTMR (2013).
  8. Nyangulu DS, Harries AD, Kang’ombe C, et al. Tuberculosis in a prison population in Malawi. Lancet 350 (1997):1284-1287.
  9. Diendere EASY. Morbidity and epidemiological determinants of infection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, Treponema pallidum and Koch's bacillus in the prison of ouagadougou [Thèse]. Human Medicine : Ouagadougou (2007).
  10. Adesanya A, Ohaeri J, Ogunlesi A, et al. Psychoactive substance abuse among inmates of a Nigeria prison population. Drug Alcohol Depend 47 (1997): 39-44.
  11. Olubodum JO, Akinsola HA, Adeleye OA. Prison deprivation and protein nutritionnal status of inmates of a developping community prison of Nigeria. European Clinical Nutrition 50 (1996): 58-60.
  12. National Institute of Statistics and Demography. Analysis of the results of the annual survey on household living conditions and poverty monitoring in 2005 in Burkina Faso: Annual Survey/Unified Questionnaire of Basic Welfare Indicators (EA/QUIBB) (2005): 133.
  13. Koffi N, Ngom AK, Aka-Danguy E, et al. Smear positive tuberculosis in a prison setting: experience in a penal camp of Bouake, Ivory Coast. International Journal Tuberculosis Lung Disease 250 (1997): 3.
  14. World Health Organization. Early detection of tuberculosis: an overview of approaches, guidelines and tools. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO (2011).
  15. Health Watch Institute. Tuberculosis in remand centers in Île-de-France. Prospective survey July 1, 2005–June 30, 2006. Institute for Public Health Surveillance (2006): 14.
  16. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional and detention facilities. MMWR Recomm Rep. 55 (2006): 1-44.
  17. Bernard L, Alexandra S et Marie CR. Proposal for a strategic plan and operational aspects for the control of tuberculosis in prisons in Côte d'Ivoire. National Tuberculosis Control Program of Côte d'Ivoire 9 (2009).
  18. Randriambeloniary MH. Tuberculosis in prison from 1992 to 2001 at the central house of antanimora Antananarivo [Thesis]. Human Medicine: Antananarivo (2002): 6369.
  19. Respiratory Affairs Fund (FARES) VRGT. Evaluation of tuberculosis screening organized among prisoners in Belgium. FARES (2004): 3.
  20. Mrabet FZ, Soualhi M, Zahraoui R, et al. The appearance of tuberculosis in the prison environment. Revue des maladies respiratoires 36 (2019): A250.

Journal Statistics

Impact Factor: * 3.6

CiteScore: 2.9

Acceptance Rate: 11.01%

Time to first decision: 10.4 days

Time from article received to acceptance: 2-3 weeks

Discover More: Recent Articles

Grant Support Articles

© 2016-2024, Copyrights Fortune Journals. All Rights Reserved!