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Long COVID-19 syndrome precaution and management

Article Information

Dr. Hesham Maged Abdelfatah*

Abdel-Fattah HM1 Egyptian Ministry of Health- Al-Abbassia psychiatric Hospital, EGYPT

*Corresponding author: Hesham Magedabdelfatah, Neuropsychiatry Doctor, the Egyptian Ministry of Health, Al-Abbassia psychiatric Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

Received: 13 May 2021; Accepted: 01 June 2021; Published: 23 June 2021

Citation: Hesham Magedabdelfatah. Long COVID-19 syndrome precaution and management Archives of Microbiology and Immunology 5 (2021): 232-242.

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Abstract

COVID-19 virus defined as illness caused by a novel corona virus which first discovered in Wuhan City, China. And On January 30, 2020, the WHO awarded the global health emergency. This is a review of COVID-19's highly affects on almost all the organs and how we precaution and management as the COVID-19 causes many systemic abnormalities like inflammation, endotheliitis, vasoconstriction, hypercoagulability, edema and Lymphocytopenia, with elevated D-dimer, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Deep vein thrombosis and venous, thrombosis with pulmonary embolization, systemic and pulmonary arterial thrombosis, embolism are reported, ischemic stroke changes, and myocardial infarction are reported also. It can lead to acute coronary syndrome, with heart failure and myocarditis, arrhythmias. Kidney affection was usually secondary to systemic allover disturbances. Stroke may occurred. Delirium and seizures symptoms are common. Impaired the tastes are reported with Psychological disturbances are commonly, Lactate dehydrogenase may be elevated. Many skin manifestations including patchy erythematous rash are noticeable, One of the biggest barriers standing in the way of ending the pandemic the misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccines. At this critical time the Demand for vaccines very effective as it rigorously tested and found to be safe, also Vaccines have no effect on recipients’ genetic material and not effect on fertilization also Antibodies from are estimated to last two to four months, so those who have had a previous infection still get this vaccinated.

Keywords

Long covid-19; Cytokine storm; Acute kidney injury; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; Myocarditis; Encephalitis; Psychosis; Dementia; Vaccination

Long covid-19 articles, cytokine storm articles, acute kidney injury articles, acute respiratory distress syndrome articles, myocarditis articles, encephalitis articles, psychosis articles, Dementia articles, vaccination articles.

Article Details

Abbreviation

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

1. Introduction

The COVID-19 It has rapidly spread all around the continents courses, many affected people and many death. On May 11, 2021, 11:52 GMT The total COVID-19 cases was about 160 million people and number of deaths was about 3million and half people and the number of recovery was about 137million and half with active case in this time was about 19million cases divided between 99.4% mild cases and 0.6% critical cases, sources: World meter

Most system becoming affects is the respiratory system, however, in critically patients, multiple systems are affected. The COVID-19 binds angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors that's receptors found in the vascular endothelial cells, of the body organs, [1]. Disturbances of coagulation process and vascular endothelium are contributed to the injury of multiple organs. Cardiac and renal is commonly affected among the patients who die. Injury and damage to the organs may long last after the acute infection has disappeared. Different organs may be affected at different times.Long Coved is defined by The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, as the presence of symptoms that develop during or following an infection with COVID-19 which continue for about 12-weeks or more and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis. This includes both ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 (from 4 to 12 weeks) and "Post-COVID Syndrome" (12-weeks or more) [2]. There are two stages known as Long COVID:Ongoing symptomatic COVID-19, that's symptoms last 4-12 weeks. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, symptoms that last for more than 3 months and can’t be explained by another diagnosis.

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Figure 1: Total serous and critical COVID-19 patients

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Figure 2: Total deaths of COVID-19 patients

2. Discussion

COVID-19 lead to production of cytokines by the white blood cells [2]. This abnormal response lead to systemic inflammatory processes, and acute respiratory, with multi-organ damages, shock, and finally death.

Inflammatory process may increased even when the viral load of infection is decreased.COVID-19 infects origin endothelial cells and leading to diffuse and massive lymphocytic endotheliitis, which cause vasoconstriction [3].

Effect on the liver and GIT. The liver increases secretion of procoagulant substances. C-reactive protein was elevated. Cytokine storm and massive systemic inflammation are associate with lymphocytopenia, that causes elevates in the D-dimer, which was a prognostic. G.I.T effects: symptoms likely loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

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Figure 3: Liver injury in the setting of COVID-19-related illness

2.1 Precaution and Management

We recommend thromboprophylaxis [4, 5]. Or anticoagulants oral form, as the Heparins bind tightly to the spike COVID-19 proteins stopping the entry of the virus into cells and also acted as down regulate the immune activation also GIT symptomatic treatments.

3. Effect on Chest

In the acute stage the patients have classic diffuse alveolar damage without organization and fibrosis [6, 7]. It is caused by disruption of endothelial, alveolar cells. This leads to fluid and cellular exudation, Acute fibrinous and pneumonia are also observed [8]. On chest CT, findings of subpleural and peripheral areas of ground-glass opacity (G.G.O) and consolidation are present in patients with COVID-19 [9, 10] Figure (4).

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Figure4: Corona virus Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

3.1 Precaution and Management

Several ways are available for managing respiratory insufficiency [9, 10].  As Oxygen via high-flow nasal cannula, and noninvasive ventilators. British Thoracic Society guidelines define the target range for oxygen saturation as 94-98% and a level of 92% or below as requiring supplementary oxygen (unless the patient is in chronic respiratory failure [11].

4. Effect on heart

Can occur in the absence of pulmonary and other complications [12, 13]. Ischemic injury can occur in patients with coronary artery disease, the primary cause of the former two is plaque rupture and thrombosis Figure (5).

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Figure5: Corona virus and the Heart

4.1 Precaution and Management

Emergency clinicians should be aware of those cardiovascular complications when evaluating and treatment the patients COVID-19 and may admit to ICU unit and may usage the mechanical circulatory system in cardiogenic or mixed shock.

5. Effect on kidney

COVID-19 complicates the treatment of patients on dialysis [14]. The virus is found in glomerular cells, tubular epithelium, Acute kidney injury (AKI) is commonly secondary to systemic disturbances including diabetes, hypertension, and coagulopathy. Cytokine storms can cause drastic hypoperfusion. Acute kidney injury is also caused due to hyperventilation or medications including antiviral Figure (6).

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Figure 6: Pathogenesis of AKI in patients with COVID-19 AKI

5.1 Precaution and Management

Individualized fluid and hemodynamic management based on dynamic assessment of cardiovascular status for critically ill patients with COVID-19. And balanced crystalloids as initial management for the expansion of intravascular volume in patients at risk of AKI or with AKI unless a specific indication exists for the use of other fluids, and limiting nephrotoxic drug exposure where possible and with careful monitoring when nephrotoxins are required.

6. Effect on brain

Meningitis, encephalitis indicating viral invasion of the CNS. Neurological manifestation can occur with respiratory or other symptoms impairment [15-17]. Symptoms like dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness, contusion status, delirium, and cognitive impairment. Also the Cytokine storm can cause brain inflammation with edema causing seizure-like.  Brain Stroke may found due to thrombus in the cerebral artery [18]. Cerebral hemorrhage, Ataxia and seizure also may found.  Cranial nerves impairment may also found. Anosmia and dysgeusia, are reported [19]. Neuritis and muscle weakness, fatigue, pain, tingling and numbness are observed in many patients. Figure (7).

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Figure 7: Long term brain dysfunction in patients with COVID-19

6.1 Precaution and Management

Proper investment and careful monitoring of CNS symptoms with Perform aerobic exercise to improve brain health and healthy diet including olive oil, fruits and vegetables, nuts and beans, and whole grains has been proven to improve thinking, memory. and brain health with Avoiding alcohol and drugs also Sleep well so the brain and body can clear out toxins and work toward healing, Participate in social activities, benefit our moods, and helping our thinking and memory as well, engaging in novel, cognitively stimulating activities; listening to music; practicing mindfulness; and keeping a positive mental attitude.

7. Effect on the eyes

About 30% of hospitalized patients develop ocular abnormalities like conjunctivitis [20].

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Figure 8: COVID-19 Eye Symptoms

7.1 Precaution and Management

As of March 18, 2020, the American Academy of Ophthalmology has urged all ophthalmologists to produce only urgent or emergent care to scale back the danger of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and to conserve disposable medical supplies. within the absence of great eye pain, decreased vision, or light sensitivity, many patients will be managed remotely with a shot of frequent preservative-free artificial tears, cold compresses, and lubricating ophthalmic ointment. a brief course of topical antibiotics are often added to forestall or treat bacterial superinfection supported the patient's symptoms and risk factors.

8. Effect on skin

Skin disorders are likely to other viruses and chronic inflammations like acne or eczema or psoriasis. the majority have patchy erythematous rash [21]. Some have widespread urticaria or few also have chickenpox-like fluid-filled vesicles or blisters. They can have measles-like rashes Figure (9).

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Figure 9: Commonest Skin Rashes to Look for with COVID-19

8.1 Precaution and Management

Low-dose systemic corticosteroids as a therapeutic option for COVID-19-associated urticarial rash. Indeed, low-dose systemic corticosteroids, combined with no sedating antihistamines, can help in managing the hyperactivity of the system in COVID-19, not only to regulate urticaria, but also to boost possibly the survival rate in COVID-19 [22].

9. Psychological effects

Because of financial pressure and social isolation many psychological problems can arise. They can be delayed by months. There is an increase in "deaths of despair" from substance misuse or suicide. The risk is greater among persons with dementia.

After discharge from ICU, a 30% of the patients inattention, disorientation problems, or poorly movements in response to questions [23]. Some patients who recover suffering from mental health problems [24]. Like anxiety, major depression episodes, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Long effects can include development of Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease Figure (10).

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Figure 10: COVID-19 exacerbated Depression, OCD, anxiety, Suicidality

9.1 Precaution and Management

Healthy Ways to address Stress: Take breaks from watching, reading, or taking note of news stories, including those on social media. It’s good to learn, but hearing about the pandemic constantly is upsetting. Consider limiting news to simply a pair times each day and disconnecting from phone, TV, and computer screens for ages. Try to eat healthy, well-balanced meals. Exercise regularly. Get lots of sleep. Avoid excessive alcohol, tobacco, and substance use. Make time to unwind. Attempt to do another activity you enjoy. Connect with others. Talk with people you trust about your concerns and the way you're feeling. Connect along with your community- or faith-based organizations. While social distancing measures are in situ, try connecting online, through social media, or by phone or mail. Helping Others Cope. Finely, COVID-19 vaccination is now offering a way to transition out of this phase of the pandemic.COVID-19 vaccination keep you from getting infected by COVID-19 also keep you from getting seriously ill even if you got COVID-19. Getting vaccinated yourself also protect people around you, Once you are fully vaccinated, you can start doing more you should keep using all the tools available to protect yourself and others until you are fully vaccinated. Also it's an easy and safe way protection and the risk of severe illness or death from COVID-19 far outweighs any benefits of natural immunity. The vaccinations will protect you by creating an antibody response without having to experience sickness. And will be an important tool to stopping the pandemic as none of the COVID-19 vaccines can make you infected with COVID-19.

10. Conclusion

Long COVID-19 is a serious problem as the virus binds to ACE2 receptors present all over the body and can affect virtually every system of the body. It can cause cytokine storm which can lead to deaths. Different organs may be affected. Viral load and Inflammation, platelet activation, hypercoagulability, endothelial dysfunction constriction of blood vessels, stasis, hypoxia, and muscle immobilization contribute to the complications. The respiratory system is commonly affected. Coronary syndrome and congestive heart failure, myocarditis may be present. Patients who are on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers should continue. AKI is usually secondary to systemic disturbances. Meningitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, stroke, and delirium are also observed. Impaired sense of smell and taste are observed. Eyes can also be sources of viral infection. Mentally problems are common among patients as well as providers. GI symptoms are observed. Patchy skin erythematous rash is commonest skin manifestation. Thus, COVID-19 can affect virtually any organ in the body, so vaccinations are the smart

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Figure 11: Long COVID-19 syndrome precaution and management

11. Data availability statement

The original contributions generated for the study are included within the article/supplementary materials, further inquiries are often directed to the corresponding authors.

12. Conflict of interest

The Author declares that the research was conducted within the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that might be construed as a possible conflict of interest.

13. Author contributions

The Author approved the ultimate manuscript.

14. Acknowledgments

We wish to present my special thanks to my lovely family, my children's (Mido and Menna ) and my favorite place (El- Abbassia Mental Hospital).

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