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Profile of Tissue Selenium Concentration In A Cohort Of Nigerian Men With Prostate Cancer

Article Information

Igbokwe MC*, 1,2, Badmus TA1, Salako AA1, Obiajunwa EI3, Olasehinde O1, Igbokwe CA4, David RA1

1Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2Zenith Medical and Kidney Center, Abuja, Nigeria

3Center for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

4Department of Dentistry, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: Igbokwe Martin C, Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria/2Zenith Medical and Kidney Center, Abuja, Nigeria.

Received: 08 November 2021; Accepted: 22 November2021; Published: 20 December 2021

Citation: Igbokwe MC, Badmus TA, Salako AA, Obiajunwa EI, Olasehinde O, Igbokwe CA, David RA. Profile of Tissue Selenium Concentration In A Cohort Of Nigerian Men With Prostate Cancer. Journal of Cancer Science and Clinical Therapeutics 5 (2021): 576-586.

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Abstract

Introduction: The global burden of prostate cancer (CaP) has led to increasing research into the aetiological factors and preventive measures for the disease. The role of Selenium (Se) has recently been the focus of several research efforts. Its influence on development of prostate cancer is however still controversial.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between tissue selenium levels and the occurrence of prostate cancer among men in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

Methodology: This was a prospective hospital-based comparative study carried out in the Urology unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile Ife, over a period of one year. Consecutive consenting men with histologically confirmed prostate cancer alongside age-matched controls were recruited for this study. These participants had whole blood and toe-nail samples collected for selenium assay using the Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. The patients with prostate cancer had same samples collected 1 month after orchidectomy to reassess the selenium levels.

Data Analysis: The data was entered and analysed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistical Software for Windows, Version 20. Univariate analysis was utilized to determine the sociodemographic data of the subjects, using percentages and means (with standard deviation). The independent T-test was employed to determine if there was any significant difference in the whole blood and toe-nail selenium between the study and control groups while the paired T-test was used to compare the pre and post-orchidectomy tissue selenium concentrations using a significance level of 0.05 at 95% confidence interval.

Results: Fort

Keywords

Prostate cancer; Selenium; Particle-induced Xray emission; Ile-Ife

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Article Details

1. Introduction

Prostate cancer (CaP) is a common urological malignancy accounting for a huge percentage of work load in urology out-patient clinics worldwide. This has a huge economic and social impact on patients, surgeons, and the society at large [1]. It is considered the commonest male malignancy in African men and a major cause of morbidity and mortality [2-4]. The incidence as well as mortality figures of CaP is known to be higher among men of African descent with a two-fold increase in the deaths from CaP compared to Caucasian men [5, 6]. There is evidence of increasing incidence of this condition among Nigerian men, the reasons for this rise however remain unclear [7].

The impact of CaP worldwide has stimulated more research aimed at identifying modifiable risk factors in order to proffer possible preventive measures. One of such, is the role of trace elements such as selenium in the aetiology and possible prevention of CaP [8]. Interest in the role of Selenium as a possible cancer preventative agent was stimulated with the observation that selenium supplementation induced a significant reduction in the incidence of cancers in the treatment arm of a large Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial conducted in a Caucasian population [9]. Some studies have also shown an inverse relationship between environmental selenium levels and cancer incidence as well as cancer related mortality [10, 11].

In Nigeria, a few studies have been conducted on this subject. Famurewa and colleagues compared serum selenium and tocopherol amongst CaP and BPH patients using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Technique (AAST) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively [12]. They found a statistically insignificant lower selenium levelin CaP patients [12]. A similar study in Nnewi by Onyema-Iloh et al compared serum trace elements including selenium and antioxidant vitamins between 50 CaP patients and 50 controls. Their study however showed a statistically significant lower selenium level in CaP patients [13]. These studies therefore suggest the need to further explore the role of Se in CaP in Nigeria. This study therefore set out to compare blood and tissue selenium levels in CaP patient with age-matched controls using the PIXE technique and compare this with yardsticks of disease severity – Prostate Specific Antigen and Gleason Score.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1 Study Design & Participants

This was a prospective hospital-based descriptive study performed in a Nigerian tertiary hospital between October 2016 and September 2017 (a 1-year period). The participants were forty-one (41) consecutive men with histologically confirmed CaP while forty-one (41) age-matched controls were men of similar age group +/- 2 years without CaP following PSA check and DRE. All patients had written informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethical committee.

The exclusion criteria for the disease arm were:

  1. Participants on Se supplements
  2. Those with mal-absorptive disorders
  3. Presence of Nail disease
  4. Use of anti-androgens or 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors which could affect PSA levels.
  5. Chronic illnesses and malignancies were excluded among controls.

Participants had 5 milli-litres of blood and big-toe nail clippings obtained following informed consent. The blood was stored in a -80 deep freezer while the nails were stored in a normal freezer. Men with CaP who had Androgen deprivation therapy by Bilateral Orchidectomy following the unit protocol and had repeat sampling of blood and toe-nails after 1-month.

2.2 Laboratory Analysis

The labelled frozen whole blood was subjected to freeze drying in a Manifold Lyophilizer (Model: Christ Beta 1-8 LD Plus) at the Central Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife (Figure 6). The lyophilizer contains a vacuum pump and a condenser to remove the moisture by condensation on a surface cooled to -40 to -80°C. The labelled freeze-dried material is made into pellets (figure 7c) and analysed for Selenium at the Center for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ifeusing the Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. X-ray spectra obtained from PIXE measurements will be analyzed with the computer-coded GUPIX developed by Guelph University (Guelph, Ontario, Canada).

Calibration of the PIXE system was performed by irradiating suitable micrometer thin-film targets [95].

The analysis was performed using a 3.0 MeV proton beam obtained from the Center for Energy Research and Development ion beam analysis facility. A Pelletron accelerator was used to generate ions and hence proton and helium ions were produced.

2.3 Statistical Analyses

The data was entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software version 20. Linear relationship was assessed between numeric data using Spearman correlation while median comparison between two groups were carried out using Mann-Whitney U and non-parametric tests. P-value <0.05 was assumed to be significant at 95% confidence interval. Charts including box plots, scatter plots and bar charts were used for data presentation where appropriate.

3. Results

A total of 41 patients and 41 age-matched controls were used for this study. The age distribution of patients in the study group ranged from 56 to 90 years with mean of 72.83 ± 7.06 years. The peak age incidence in the CaP group was in the 8th decade (71-80 years). Similarly, the age range of patients in the control group was between 55 to 89 years with a mean of 70.73 (±6.40 years) (Table 1).

Variables

CaP Group

Control Group

Statistics

Age, years

Mean ± SD

72.83± 7.06

70.73 ±6.40

p=0.250

Age distribution (years), n (%)

51-60

61-70

71-80

81-90

3 (7.3)

12 (29.3)

20 (48.8)

6 (14.6)

3 (7.3)

13 (31.7)

19 (46.4)

6 (14.6)

t=3.471

p>0.13

Occupation

Retired

Civil servant

Business man

Clergy

21 (51.2)

12 (29.3)

6(14.6)

2 (4.9)

13 (31.7)

19 (46.4)

9 (21.9)

0 (0)

 

Table 1: Socio-demographic Characteristics of Total Study Population.

Among the Prostate cancer patients the PSA values ranged from 12.0 to 177 ng/ml with a mean of 46.10 ± 40.62 while the PSA in the control group ranged from 1.8 to 6.5 ng/ml with a mean of 3.88 ± 1.58 which was significantly lower than in the CaP group (p=0.001). The Gleason score of  CaP patients in this study ranged from 6 to 10 with a modal score of 8. Twenty five (62.5%) of these patients had a score of 8 and above. Overall, Se levels were found to be consistently lower in the toenails than whole blood of both CaP patients and controls (p=0.02 and p= 0.03 respectively). Using toenail Se levels, thirty-one (75.6%) of CaP patients in our study population had selenium deficiency (<40ng/ml) while only 2 participants (5%) had selenium deficiency in the control population (p=0.001).

The whole blood selenium concentration among Prostate Cancer group ranged from 2- 160 ng/ml with a median value of 67.00 ng/ml and inter-quartile range of 52.50 while in the control group ranged between 45-245ng/ml with median value of 132.00 ng/ml and inter-quartile range of 83.00. There was a statistically significant lower blood selenium concentration among the Prostate cancer group compared to controls (p = 0.002) (Figure 1).

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Figure 1: Whole blood Selenium concentration in CaP patients Vs Age-matched controls.

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Figure 2: Toe-nail Selenium concentration in CaP patients and Age-matched controls.

The toe-nail selenium concentration in Prostate cancer patients ranged from 0-129ng/ml with a median value of 11.85 ng/ml and inter-quartile range of 51.94 while in controls ranged from 0-215ng/ml with median of 67.00 ng/ml and inter-quartile range of 71.00. There was also a statistically significant lower toe-nail selenium concentration among prostate cancer patients (p=0.001), with the mean value below the expected for individuals in the community (40-197.4ng/ml) in patients with CaP (Figure 2).

The post-orchidectomy blood selenium concentration among CaP patients ranged from 6.5- 186.0ng/ml with mean of 84.40 (±64.00) ng/ml. Compared to the pre-orchidectomy blood Se concentration there was an increase though it was not statistically significant (p= 0.16). Post-orchidectomy toe-nail selenium concentration among CaP patients ranged from 0-37ng/ml with a mean of 28 (±30.5) ng/ml. This appeared to have a marginal increase when compared to the pre-orchidectomy values however was not statistically significant (X2=14.60, p= 0.47) Table 2.

 

Mean (ng/ml)

Standard deviation

N

df

p

Pre-orchidectomy toe-nail Selenium level (ng/ml)

25.67

29.44

41

39

0.47

Post-orchidectomy toe-nail Selenium level (ng/ml)

Pre-orchidectomy blood Selenium level (ng/ml)

Post-orchidectomy blood Selenium level (ng/ml)

28.00

76.95

84.40

30.50

61.30

64.00

41

41

41

39

0.16

Table 3: Independent t test comparing pre- and post-orchidectomy toe-nail selenium concentration in Prostate cancer patients.

The relationship of the toe-nail selenium level with serum PSA showed a negative correlation with lower selenium levels correlating with a higher PSA value (R2=0.086, P<0.05) (Figure 3).

Similarly, there was a negative correlation between the toe-nail selenium concentration and the Gleason score among men with CaP with lower selenium levels found among men with higher Gleason scores (R2 = 0.067, P<0.05) (Figure 5).

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Figure 4: Relationship of Toe-nail Selenium and Prostate Specific Antigen values among Prostate Cancer patients.

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Figure 5: Scatter diagram showing the relationship between toe-nail Selenium concentration and Gleason score among Prostate Cancer patients.

4. Discussion

This study evaluated the possibility of a biochemical underpinning to the aetiology of prostate cancer. Although causality was not established, this study demonstrated a statistically significant association between prostate cancer and selenium levels, with CaP patients having lower selenium levels compared to age-matched controls. It also demonstrated significant selenium deficiency in men with CaP with mean values below the expected in normal adult males [14]. These observations persisted even after treatment, with no differences found between pre-and post orchidectomy selenium levels.

The age distribution of men in this study (55-90 years) is a reflection of the age range established in literature for the occurrence of prostate cancer particularly amongst men of African descent [15, 16]. Findings from this study are therefore applicable to men with CaP in this population. The successful age-matching of patients in the two groups as shown by the near equal mean ages reflects the similarity between the two groups being compared except for the presence of CaP. This similarity in age coupled with the fact that men in both groups were domicile in the same part of the country suggesting similar environmental exposure provides the clinical equipoise needed for comparison. The observed difference in Selenium levels can therefore be attributed to the presence of the disease given the similarities in other respects.

The finding of low selenium levels in CaP patients in this study correlates with findings from several other studies [17, 18]. One of the most elaborate of these was a meta-analysis of 20 case control studies conducted in Europe and North America by Brinkman and his associates which showed significantly lower levels of Se in blood, serum and toe-nail of CaP men as compared with controls [19]. There are however few studies which have demonstrated no association between Se and CaP [20].

This study further showed that lower selenium levels correlated significantly with rising PSA levels. This finding suggests that the association between selenium levels and CaP was not only with the presence of the disease, but also with the extent in terms of PSA levels. This is consistent with findings from Adaramoye’s work in Ibadan, Nigeria who demonstrated a progressive decrease of 30%, 52% and 58% in selenium levels in subjects with serum PSA levels of 5–10 ng/ml, 11–20 ng/ml and > 20 ng/ml, respectively [21]. A similar observation was also made between tissue selenium concentration and the Gleason score which also suggests that lower selenium concentration was associated with more severe forms of prostate cancer. This observation is in tandem with the work of Kenfield et al. who reported worse gleasonscores among Se deficient prostate cancer patients [22]. These associations suggest the possible role of selenium not only in the occurrence of the disease but also in its progression.

The exact patho-mechanistic processes underlying these associations is however still a subject of investigation. It is unknown whether the relationship is that of ‘cause’ or ‘effect’. Some authors have theorized that selenium deficiency predisposes to prostate cancer while others believe that low selenium result from depletion of Se reserves by the tumour. One of the most recent evidences available on this subject is an experimental work by Chun et al which evaluated the direct effect of methyl-selenic acid on human cultured CaP cells from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) using Northern and western blot ELISA techniques. His findings suggest that selenium deficiency predisposes to CaP by down-regulating androgen receptor (AR) signalling as well as initiation of other molecular pathways which culminate in carcinogenesis [24]. This postulation is however yet to be confirmed by interventional studies. Nicastro et al in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) which entailed supplemental selenium administration did not observe a decrease in the incidence of CaP over a seven year period. They however attributed this to the possibility of inadequate dosing and or formulation of the selenium supplement used in their study [8]. Further research on this may help unravel the possible chemo-preventive effects of Se.

It is interesting that bilateral total orchidectomy does not seem to influence Se levels among CaP patients as demonstrated in this current study. This is similar to findings in a study which assessed Se levels in Wister rats pre and post orchidectomy [24]. Selenium levels might have remained unchanged in this study because hormonal ablation via bilateral total orchidectomy only down-regulates androgen-receptors by drastically reducing circulating androgens but does not remove the malignant prostatic tissue. It is also possible that a longer follow-up period may be needed to detect a change in Se levels. A similar study among men following radical prostatectomy which ablates the entire disease with may however be a better way to assess the temporal profile of Selenium following therapy.

5. Discussion

This study demonstrates significantly lower levels of Se among CaP patients with significant association between the Se and both the occurrence and severity of the disease. No demonstrable change was seen in Se levels one month after orchidectomy.

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