Article Information

Eric Bautrant^*, Oona Franké, Christophe Amiel, Thierry Bensousan, Dominique Thiers-Bautrant, C Levêque

Pelvi-Perineal Surgery and Rehabilitation Department, Private Medical Center, L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, 13090 Aix en Provence, France

^*Corresponding Author: Eric Bautrant, Pelvi-Perineal Surgery and Rehabilitation Department, Private Medical Center, L'Avancée-Clinique Axium, 31-33 Avenue du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny, 13090 Aix en Provence, France

Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 05 November 2020; Published: 12 November 2020

Citation: Eric Bautrant, Oona Franké, Christophe Amiel, Thierry Bensousan, Dominique Thiers-Bautrant, C. Levêque. Endometriosis-Like Syndrome: From the Concept of Painful Uterine Syndrome to the use of Myometrial Botulinum Toxin Injections under Hysteroscopy. Journal of Surgery and Research 3 (2020): 407-418.

Abstract

Keywords

Chronic pelvic pain; Dysmenorrhoea; Dyspareunia; Endometriosis; Adenomyosis; Botulinum toxin injections

Article Details

1. Introduction

For the past century, countless attempts have been made to find physio-pathological explanations for chronic pelvic pain in women as well as for the severe and disabling forms of dysmenorrhoea that can lead to absence from school or even work, often with serious socio-economic consequences [1].

Research on this subject began in the 1950s with Allen and Masters' theory on tears in the large ligament [2]. Then came the role of uterine retroversion in the 1960s [3], the effect of intra-peritoneal adhesions from the 1970s [4], the effect of prostaglandins in the 1980s [5], the possible role of pelvic varicose veins in the 1990s [6], Petros' theory of ligament laxity [7] from the 2000s, and finally, more recently, endometriosis [8] which is now widely mentioned, despite a long period of disinterest. However, although endometriosis is one of the major underlying causes of chronic pelvic pain and severe dysmenorrhoea, it does not explain all of the symptoms.

2. Methods

Observational studies [9] have highlighted many situations in which endometriosis fails to explain certain symptoms:

In most cases, all images and laparoscopies provide normal results in cases of very severe primary dysmenorrhoea in young girls.

1. Many patients are seen for endometriosis-like symptoms, but all examinations, images, and laparoscopies appear normal.
2. Other patients who have undergone complete surgical treatment for their endometriosis continue to have the same "endometriosis-like" symptoms.
3. Some patients who have recovered from their painful symptoms following treatment for endometriosis, return for a suspected endometriosis recession when pelvic pain and dysmenorrhoea recur, but no endometriosis is found.
4. One report concerns patients complaining of unexplained deep dyspareunia with a painful uterus, even though the examinations, images, and laparoscopies provided normal results.

These different findings suggest that we need to find an alternative explanation, consider a paradigm shift, and may even need to rethink the entire issue.

2.1.The concept of Painful Uterine Syndrome (PUS)

It is based on the principle of central sensitization, described by Woolf in 1983 [10].

Central sensitization is defined as a decrease in cortical nociceptive thresholds [10-13]. This is responsible for a variety of problems such as neuropathic pain, muscle spasms, autonomic nervous system disorders, and visceral sensitization. Abdominal visceral sensitization is known to occur in irritable bowel syndrome [14-17]. The same applies at the pelvic level, where painful bladder syndrome (PBS) also appears to be related to the central sensitization mechanisms [18-21].

The existence of uterine sensitization is, therefore, very likely. This hypothesis has become increasingly evident in recent years, with publications by Iacovides in 2013 [22] and 2015 [23], Giamberardino in 2016 [24], and finally, Jarell in 2016 [25, 26], which confirm a significant reduction in central pain thresholds in dysmenorrheic patients.

The concept of PUS allows us to better understand pelvic pain, whose symptomatic pattern appears to be uterine, with a negative anatomical evaluation, associating primary dysmenorrhoea and painful symptoms related to episodes of violent and inappropriate uterine myometrial contractions. Muscle hypercontractility is a common occurrence in sensitization. Several cine magnetic resonance (cine MRI) studies confirm the significant increase in uterine myometrial peristalsis in dysmenorrheic patients [27-29].

In 2011, we published a diagnostic score for uterine adenomyosis [30], which allowed for a positive diagnosis with a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 90%. This diagnostic score is usefully applied in PUS cases (Table 1) and is defined by a particular type of complaint where the pain, located in the pelvis, is typical for uterine pain, including cramping and contractions, dysmenorrhoea, and deep dyspareunia. A physical examination reveals a painful uterine pain trigger that reproduces the pain.

The concept of PUS not only provides us with a better understanding of the painful symptoms, but it also allows us to better understand how to treat these symptoms and the treatment options available. This validates the suppression of menstrual function as one of the important, primary focus areas in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea, whether or not it is caused by endometriosis [24, 25].

If this fails, there are few conservative treatment options available.

The logical connection with PBS and overactive bladder (OAB), as well as the importance of myometrial hypercontractility mechanisms led us to consider the use of Botulinum Toxin (BTX) injections for treating PUS. BTX injections have been shown to be effective in patients with an overactive bladder, where detrusor hypercontractility is the main symptom [31]. While BTX's effectiveness is somewhat less evident in PBS, it is an attractive treatment option that has been confirmed by recent randomised controlled studies or meta-analysis [32, 33].

Table 1: Criteria for painful uterine syndrome.

Diagnostic score: positive when the score is ³ 5 + imaging and/or laparoscopy eliminating uterine pathology or endometriosis. 98% sensitivity and 90% specificity.

2.2 Uterine myometrium botulinum toxin A (BTX) Injections

The principle is similar to that proposed for BTX injections in the bladder detrusor under cystoscopy for OAB. The BTX units are evenly distributed in the anterior and posterior myometrial wall under hysteroscopic control. In 2018, we conducted an open-label non comparative study on 30 patients with severe dysmenorrhea in therapeutic failure. Patients were failing all the treatments, such as painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, the contraceptive pill, and menstrual suppressant therapy. All patients had negative pelvic ultrasound and MRI. A laparoscopy has been performed in all the cases to formally exclude endometriosis.

Uterine myometrial BTX injections are performed under hysteroscopy as an outpatient procedure using a short-term general anaesthetic. The 5 mm Bettocchi type hysteroscope has an operating channel for the needle to pass through. The effective dose used in this study was 200 IU of BTX, Incobotulinum-toxin A. The 200 IU of BTX is diluted in saline and evenly distributed in the uterine myometrium with 10 injections in each anterior and posterior muscle wall under hysteroscopic control (Figure 1). All patients fulfilled the PUS criteria and ranged from 17 to 44 years old. Severe dysmenorrhoea was found in 24 of the patients (89%), all patients had a painful uterine trigger at vaginal examination and 2 patients had deep dyspareunia as the main symptom.

Pregnancy was contraindicated during the 4 months following the injection.

Patients were reviewed at 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months.

They were then assessed on the level of pain using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Quality of Life Questionnaire, using the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 (MOS SF-36), validated in French. All patients were screened for co-morbidities and central pelvic hypersensitivity criteria using the Convergences PP criteria [34]. In terms of statistical analyses, the pre and post-treatment groups were compared using the Freidman test for multiple, dependant non-parametric data. P-values were two tailed and significance was set at the 5% level.

Figure 1: Technique for hysteroscopic distributing botulinum toxin injections into the uterine myometrium.

A : hysteroscopic view of the injection locations.

B : intra-operative view.

C : sagittal view of the hysteroscope and injection locations.

D : external view of the hysteroscope and the operating channel.

3. Results

The technique and results were presented at the International Neurotoxin Association - INA's 2019 International Toxins Conference [35] and at the "Convergences PP" annual congress in Madrid in November 2019 [36].

No patients were lost during follow-up.

Very few side effects were reported: 2 patients (6.7%) experienced a severe worsening of their pain in the immediate post-operative period. Both patients were then significantly improved by their first follow-up visit at 8 weeks.

 VAS scores were significantly improved (Table 2) for dysmenorrhoea (80 vs 25: p=0.001), dyspareunia (71 vs 28: p=0.02), and pelvic pain outside of menstruation (67 vs 28: p=0.03). Quality of life scores all improved dramatically. The sexual activity questionnaire scores also improved, with a significantly reduced level of discomfort (4.8 vs. 2.2: p=0.02) and improvement in habit (0,2 vs 1,9: p=0,03). 9 patients (30%) had positive criteria for pelvic hypersensitivity. In this group, the improvement was not significant for all scores.

In this study's follow-up, 39% of patients were given new injections before the reappearance of PUS.

Table 2 : Changes in pain symptoms and quality of quality of life 8 to 12 weeks after uterine myometrial botulinum toxin injections [34].

4. Discussion

The principle of central sensitization, as described by Woolf in 1983, is a manifestation of the somatosensory plasticity of the central nervous system [10, 37]. Central nociceptive sensitization develops as a result of sustained nociceptor activity in physiological conditions but also in pathological situations following inflammatory attacks, nerve damage, or trauma [38].

The mechanisms involved in the development of central nociceptive sensitization are quite complicated. They involve disrupting inter and intracellular neuronal signalling using numerous membrane receptors and various intracellular transduction pathways, resulting in changes in genetic expressions. Changing cell phenotypes is one aspect of maintaining central nociceptive sensitization [38, 39, 40]. A growing number of studies indicate that epigenetic changes may be involved in pathophysiology [41].

Woolf summarises central sensitization as the lowering of cortical nociceptive thresholds [10-13]. These lower pain thresholds will have multiple clinical consequences and lead to so-called co-morbidities [11, 24]. Therefore, myofascial pain, autonomic disorders with hyperalgesia, urinary, rectal and sexual dysfunction, neuropathic pain, and visceral pain are more or less associated [42].

4.1 Main findings

The existence of PUS by central sensitization, as defined above, which in particular causes severe dysmenorrhoea, appears increasingly plausible, regardless of whether endometriosis is present or not. Recent studies by Evans [43], Stratton [44], and Grundström [45] all point in this direction.

PUS or "endometriosis-like" syndrome is typically identified by negative imaging and anatomical findings. The main symptom is severe dysmenorrhoea; however, pelvic pain from uterine contractions, deep dyspareunia, and uterus trigger pain at vaginal examination, are among the diagnostic criteria as defined in the PUS diagnostic score (Table 1).

The Viscero-Visceral sensitization mechanisms, as described by Giamberardino [46], account for a common association with painful bladder syndrome through peripheral sensitization phenomena. Similarly, co-morbidities such as hyperesthesia of the vulvar vestibule, are connected with the occurrence of the frequent Provoked Vulvar Vestibulodynia (PVD) [47], which is responsible for introductory dyspareunia.

But the most frequently associated disorders are pelvic floor muscle hypertonia and myofascial syndromes [42, 44]. This muscle hypertonia is consistent with pelvic sensitization and, therefore, applies to PUS, which has been well documented in the various cine MRI studies, as described above. In terms of therapeutic consequences, BTX injections have a logical application here. Besides its widely demonstrated effectiveness in treating muscle spasms, hypertonia, or hyperactivity by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction by competitive neurotoxin inhibition [48, 49], BTX may also have direct peripheral and central analgesic effects. It may also have a direct effect on inflammation by reducing the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides [50, 51].

The use of BTX in pelvic floor muscle hypertonia, spasms, and myofascial pain was first documented by Abbott in 2006 [52]. Several publications have confirmed that botulinum toxin injections are useful for treating this condition [53-55, 57, 58]. The effectiveness of BTX injections on pelvic floor muscle hypertonia and spasms has been proven in a number of prospective and randomised studies [54, 57]. On the other hand, for myofascial pain, the randomised studies conducted by Dessie [59] and Levesque [60] found no significant difference with the control group for saline and local anaesthetics, respectively.

As far as we know, uterine myometrial BTX injections used in cases of PUS and/or severe dysmenorrhoea has never been described before. This indication follows the same pathophysiological approach as that proposed for OAB or PBS [31-33]. The procedure under hysteroscopy is simple and can be easily reproduced. Our pilot study [34], mentioned above, reported no immediate or remote post-operative complications.

Although pregnancy was not recommended within 4 months of the myometrial injection in this study, no maternal or fetal complications were reported in the literature when a botulinum toxin injection was administered during pregnancy [61, 62]. One patient in our study became pregnant, despite being advised against it. This was an unintended pregnancy and a voluntary termination was performed in the first trimester. This procedure was carried out without any complications.

4.2 Strengths and limitation 

Our study demonstrated significant improvements in PUS, dysmenorrhoea, and deep dyspareunia in patients without co-morbidities or Convergences PP pelvic sensitization criteria (36). The best results were obtained when the uterine pain symptoms were isolated, with no associated pelvic floor myofascial syndrome or co-morbidities (PBS or PVD). In our group of patients with pelvic sensitization criteria, there was no significant improvement in the quality of life scores, but the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) [63] improved for more than half of the patients in this group.

The results of this pilot feasibility study suggest an interesting perspective for the treatment of severe dysmenorrhoea and PUS, in the absence of alternative treatment, and in cases where well-conducted medical treatments have failed. A prospective, randomised, double-blind, multicentric study (Uteroxine) is currently underway which compares the hysteroscopic myometrial injection (200 IU of botulinum toxin A) to the 2mg/ml Ropivacaine injection. The results of the Uteroxine randomised comparative study should allow us to confirm the benefits of botulinum toxin injections as a treatment for this condition.

5. Conclusion

A significant amount of physio-pathological evidence supports the existence of visceral uterine sensitization syndrome.

 We call it Painful Uterine Syndrome (PUS). It can be used to explain a series of pelvic pain symptoms that were previously difficult to explain in women, including severe dysmenorrhoea with a negative anatomical assessment. Diagnostic criteria specific to PUS, which are proposed here with satisfactory sensitivity, could be made available in order to facilitate diagnosis. PUS may be associated with PBS and irritable bowel syndrome through peripheral viscero-visceral sensitivity mechanisms. However, the phenomenon most frequently associated with visceral sensitization is muscular hypercontractility. This is demonstrated in the uterine myometrium, opening the way for treatment with BTX injections.

A pilot study reporting the first use of BTX injections under hysteroscopy in PUS indicated an improvement in dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia as well as improved quality of life scores. The prospective and randomised Uteroxine study is currently underway to confirm the necessary initial results.

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