Article Information

Giuseppe Leoncini^*, Giovanna Sabella, Massimo Milione

First Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy

^*Corresponding Author: Giuseppe Leoncini,  First Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Foundation National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.

Received: 18 August 2022; Accepted: 25 August 2022; Published: 30 September 2022

Citation: Leoncini Giuseppe, Sabella Giovanna, Milione Massimo. Novel Recognition of HER2 Amplification in Enteroblastic Colonic Adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic Clues and Future Perspectives. Journal of Surgery and Research.5 (2022): 559-562.

Abstract

Keywords

Enteroblastic differentiation, HER2 amplification, Spalt-like transcriptor factor 4 (SALL-4), Glypican (GPC)3, Alfa-fetoprotein

Article Details

Introduction

Adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation was previously described in the stomach [1], whilst it was rare in the large bowel [2-5]. Esophagus [6] and small intestine [7] were other sites of involvement into the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. It was also referred as clear cell adenocarcinoma, even though such terminology could be misleading, as clear cell morphology alone do not stands for enteroblastic differentiation. Moreover, the current WHO guidelines on digestive system [8] do not encompass the clear cell variant of colonic adenocarcinoma. CAED was clinically characterized by aggressive behavior, early liver metastases and poor prognosis [3]. It was also recently suggested that the small intestinal phenotype could represent a further predictor of aggressive behavior in CAED [4]. The prevalent molecular alteration is TP53 gene mutation, whereas microsatellite instability (MSI) was less frequently observed [9]. At best of our knowledge, HER2 immunohistochemical evaluation was never reported in CAED so far.

Case Report

A 71 years old male complained obstructive GI symptoms, pointing toward peritonism. CT scan revealed the presence of a huge mass in the sigmoid. At gross examination, surgical specimen revealed the presence of a circumferential stenotic mass, measuring 6 centimeters in greatest dimension, invading the sub-serosal fat. It showed a whitish cut surface with hemorrhagic foci and pushing margins. Microscopically, tumor cells showed a complex tubulo-papillary architecture. Tumor cells were characterized by oval atypical nuclei, cleared tall cytoplasm with occasional sub-nuclear vacuole (Figure 1A,B). The unconventional histology suggested further investigations and ancillary test. Histological prognostic factors included: 1) diffuse lymphatic invasion; 2) tumor metastases in 6 of 61 loco-regional lymph nodes. Tumor deposits, venous and perineural invasion were not found. Alcian blue with periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) stained negative for glycogen or mucins (Figure 1C). Intriguingly, strong and diffuse membranous HER2 staining was detected in almost all neoplastic cells (Figure 1D). Tumor cells expressed the caudal type homeobox (CDX)-2, fetal oncoproteins such as spalt-like transcriptor factor 4 (SALL-4) and glypican (GPC)-3, whereas alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was expressed at low level. (Figure 2A,B,C,D). Diffuse CD10 membranous immunolabeling was detected, recapitulating the healthy small intestine, cytokeratin (CK) 20 was focally reactive. Special AT-rich binding protein (SATB)2 was negative. TP53 overexpression with mutational pattern was detected (Figure 3A,B,C,D). Polyclonal carcino-embryonic antigen (pCEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) were also expressed, beta-catenin nuclear translocation was also seen. Immunolabeling for both CK7 and Vimentin was negative. The mismatch repair proteins assay exhibited a preserved nuclear expression, consistent with microsatellite stability (MSS). Molecular analysis for KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes mutations resulted negative. Given the peculiar histological features and immunohistochemical results, a conclusive diagnosis of colonic adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation was rendered. Tumor staging was performed according to the last AJCC release (8^th edition) as pT3; pN2a. The clinical post-surgical course was uneventful. CT scan revealed multiple liver metastases three months after surgery.

Discussion

The recognition of CAED was considered a rare event in colorectal surgical specimens, as it was described in few reports [2-6,10] (Table 1).

Table 1: The table summarizes the reported case series (51 cases) of colonic adenocarcinoma with enteroblastic differentiation (AED), including the present case. Note that cases marked with (*) were evaluated on tissue microarrays (TMA). Abbreviation: pc: present case; mt: mutational pattern (over-expressed in more than 90% of neoplastic cells)

Figure 1: Neoplastic tubules and papillary structures, covered by tall cells with clear cytoplasm (Hematoxylin and eosin, magnification x10); B. Note the cleared cytoplasms with occasional subnuclear vacuole (Hematoxylin and eosin, magnification x40); C. Alcian blue - periodic-acid Schiff (PAS) reaction did not show any glycogen or mucin cytoplasmic storage (A-PAS, magnification x40); D. Strong and diffuse membranous immunostaining for HER2 in tumor cells (magnification x40).

Figure 2: A. CDX2, strong nuclear immunostaining (magnification x40); B. SALL4, strong nuclear immunostaining (magnification x20); C. GPC-3, diffuse cytoplasmic expression (magnification x40); D. AFP, focal immunolabeling in single cell cytoplasms (red arrows) (magnification x20).

Figure 3: CK20, focal cytoplasmic and membranous expression (magnification x40); B. SATB2 negative stain (magnification x40); C. CD10, strong and diffuse membranous expression (magnification x40); D. TP53 mutational pattern, namely strong nuclear expression in more than 90% of neoplastic cells (magnification x40).

It can be found in both the right and the left colon, even though more frequently left-sided [4]. The first challenge in CAED is represented by its histological features, as tubulo-papillary structures with clear cells lining were not common in colonic adenocarcinomas. In the past decades, several clear cells adenomas and adenocarcinomas were described in the colorectum. The clear cell change has been reported to account for about 1% of colonic adenomas and associated adenocarcinomas [9,10], but the clear cell feature alone did not stand for enteroblastic differentiation, unless the oncoprotein expression was evaluated. Diagnostic inclusion criteria were far to be established for CAED and only the gastric subset has been included in the WHO classification of digestive tumors [11]. The clear cell morphology was never emphasized in GI tract, so that a clear cell variant was not provided for colonic adenocarcinoma. Thus, clear cells features alone seemed to be not enough to qualify the enteroblastic differentiation in an otherwise conventional adenocarcinoma. Growing evidences suggested the use of ancillary tests to provide a further definition about the enteroblastic differentiation in GI adenocarcinomas [12,13]. The immunohistochemical expression of GPC3, SALL4 and AFP should be evaluated in clear cell adenocarcinomas and at least two of three markers must be at least focally expressed in the tumor, even though a single marker was claimed by some Authors to be enough for qualifying the enteroblastic signature [4]. Nonetheless, non-enteroblastic tumors could express oncoproteins, as seen for the hepatoid variant of adenocarcinoma [12], but a differential should be focused on histology in such rare instances, as hepatoid adenocarcinomas usually exhibited a solid growth pattern. Another intriguing feature was represented by the divergent small intestinal differentiation showed by the present case, as highlighted by the CDX2 and CD10 positive expression. Conversely, SATB2 that is known to mark both normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa was negative. The small intestinal differentiation was recently described as a frequent finding in CAED, and it was associated to early metastatic spread and poor prognosis [4]. On the other hand, CD10 can be found to mark a small subset of conventional colonic adenocarcinomas [14,15]. The fetal midgut resemblance seemed to establish a distance between CAED and the conventional colonic adenocarcinoma, even though a common molecular trait was represented by both TP53 gene mutation and beta-catenin nuclear translocation. Interestingly, the immunohistochemical evidence of HER2 amplification in CAED tumor cells resulted in line with the molecular finding of higher HER2 gene amplification rate in CAED, compared to conventional colonic adenocarcinoma, along with a MSS dominant phenotype [16]. Altered HER2 signaling was involved as oncogenic driver in many cancer types, such as breast and gastric cancers. Note worthy, HER2 targeting represented a crucial therapeutic tool, since the biomarker can positively predict the patient benefit, and it is emerging as further treatment option in colorectal cancer as well [17]. In conclusion, both histological and immunohistochemical requirements should be met for qualifying colonic adenocarcinomas as enteroblastic. The recognition of HER2 amplification in CAED should be emphasized, paving the way for novel treatment options and target therapies.

Acknowledgements

Funding not provided

Authors’ contribution statement

Giuseppe Leoncini: paper’s conception, histological and immunohistochemical assessment, design and drafting.

Giovanna Sabella: data setting, histological and immunohistochemical assessment, molecular analysis.

Milione Massimo: paper’s critical revision and final approval.

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