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Bilateral Lung and Liver Hydatid Cyst with Massive Hydropneumothorax: A Rare Case Report in Kuwait

Article Information

Ahmad E Al-Mulla1*, Derar Al Shehab2, Essa AlGhunaim2, Ehab Saad Imam1, Hamad F Alsanea1

1Department of surgery Farwaniya hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait

2Cardiothoracic surgery department thoracic unit, Chest hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait

*Corresponding author: Ahmad E Al-Mulla, Department of surgery Farwaniya hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait

Received: 13 October 2021; Accepted: 20 October 2021; Published: 21 October 2021

Citation: Ahmad E Al-Mulla, Derar Al Shehab, Essa AlGhunaim, Ehab Saad Imam, Hamad F Alsanea. Bilateral Lung and Liver Hydatid Cyst with Massive Hydropneumothorax: A Rare Case Report in Kuwait. Journal of Surgery and Research 4 (2021): 565-571.

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Abstract

Bilateral lung and synchronous hydatid cyst is a unique presentation in a patient. It is endemic in some parts of the world, but it is rare in Kuwait. Hydatid cyst results from Echinococcus infection, and it affects between one and nine people in 10,000 countries where it is endemic. Management of hydropneumothorax because of hydatid cyst can proceed in two or one stage, depending on the extent and presentation of the disease. We are presenting the course and management of a 19-year-old male presented with a unique Echinococcus infection.

Keywords

Echinococcus infection, Hydatid cyst, Hydropneumothorax, Synchronous lung and liver cysts

Echinococcus infection articles, Hydatid cyst articles; Hydropneumothorax articles; Synchronous lung and liver cysts articles

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Article Details

1. Introduction

A hydatid cyst (HC) is a medical emergency. It is endemic in Africa, Central Asia, southern South America, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East [1]. It affects between one and nine people in 10,000 countries where it is endemic [2]. One of the crucial problems in Echinococcus infection is morbidity in young adults and mortality (2.5-7%) in infected cases [3]. Our case report discusses the management course of a 19-year-old Syrian patient who presented with bilateral lung (HC) with hydropneumothorax with synchronous liver cysts.

2. Case Presentation

A 19-year-old Syrian male presented to our emergency department complaining of a one-day history of sudden right-sided chest pain with dyspnoea, productive cough, nausea, and vomiting. The patient had similar symptoms three months ago after encountering cattle and sheep on his farm and was treated conservatively. Upon examination, he had decreased breath sounds, especially on the right, and hyper-resonance on percussion. A chest x-ray (CXR) showed massive right-sided pneumothorax with bilateral cavitation (Figure 1). The surgical team inserted a 32F chest tube in casualty (Figure 2). He was admitted for further observation and investigation. CT scans of his chest and abdomen were done, demonstrating a sizeable 7 x 6.3 cm complicated cyst lesion with compression on the lower lobe of the right lung and a smaller 1.7 cm adjacent cyst. A 9 x 8 cm cystic lesion at the left lung with another daughter cyst measuring about 0.7 cm were also observed. Another non-enhancing cyst was found on the liver's right lobe, measuring approximately 2.6 x 2.7 cm. The impression was hydropneumothorax with bilateral lung synchronous liver hydatid cyst (Figure 3). Blood and sputum serology was positive for Echinococcus. The patient was referred to chest surgeons and physicians for assessment. They decided to start him on antiparasitic medication for three weeks, followed by surgical excision of the hydatid cysts. A two-stage operation was scheduled at the chest hospital.

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Figure 1: Chest X-ray highlighting a massive right pneumothorax and left hydatid cyst shadow

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Figure 2: CT-scan lung window demonstrating right-sided pneumothorax and cavitation and a huge left-side cyst.

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Figure 3: CT-scan abdomen highlighting a cyst on the right lobe of the liver.

2.1 First stage operation

The thoracic team operated in two stages because of the cysts’ sizes and allowed the patient to recover. The first operation was through a right-side thoracotomy incision; a sizable hydatid cyst was excised from the lung, with lobectomy and debridement (Figures 4,5). A chest drain was placed at the site of the operation.

2.2 Post-operative

Recovery in the hospital was uneventful. The patient was discharged after removal of chest drain and completing antibiotics. The patient was scheduled for a second-stage operation after one month.

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Figure 4: Right-side thoracotomy and extraction of the hydatid cyst.

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Figure 5: Right-side hydatid cyst with necrotic tissue.

2.3 Second-stage operation

As in the previous approach, a left-side thoracotomy was performed- dissection through dense adhesion. Debridement of necrotic lung tissue, left-side lobectomy, complete cyst extraction and chest drain was fixed (Figures 6,7). The patient had an uneventful recovery in the hospital. He was discharged after chest drain removal and completing antibiotics. The first outpatient visit was scheduled after 14 days. The patient was recovering well, with clean wounds and no complaint. Histopathology showed hydatid cyst and necrotic tissue.

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Figure 6: Lobectomy and debridement of necrotic tissue.

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Figure 7: Complete excision of left-side hydatid cyst.

3. Discussion

Hydatid cyst (HC) is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide, especially in rearing cattle and farming areas. The two- to a seven-millimetre parasite (embryonated eggs) infects humans through direct ingestion of a tapeworm larva, either from an encounter with a definitive infected host (dogs), intermediate hosts (sheep and cattle) or indirectly by contaminated water or vegetables [4]. There are two types of Echinococcus: granulosus and multilocularis [5]. (HC) can be multiple or solitary and may remain asymptomatic for years only to be discovered accidentally by imaging or present acutely as an abdominal or respiratory manifestation or anaphylactic shock. Most larvae are destroyed in the liver, which acts as a primary filter. 50–75% of cysts are in the liver, 40% in the lungs and the rest are in other organs such as muscles (5%), bones (3%), kidneys (2%), spleen (1%), and the brain (<1%) [6]. The most helpful tools in diagnosing (HC) are ultrasound (USG) and computer tomography scan (CT-scan). Laboratory screening examinations are usually normal; however, when imaging is combined with serological tests, diagnosis is definitive. The diagnosis was achieved with a CT scan and serological test of the blood and sputum [7]. Medical treatment with antiparasitic agents (albendazole) can be used pre-operatively to reduce large cysts, sterilise, prevent spillage and anaphylactic shock during surgery, and eradicate any remnant parasite in the system post-operatively [8]. The Percutaneous Aspiration Injection and Re-aspiration (PAIR) technique, under ultrasound or CT-scan guidance, is an alternative option for patients who refuse or cannot withstand surgery. Nevertheless, surgery is the only possible treatment to remove the cysts and cure [9]. The main principle of surgery is to eradicate the parasite, minimise spillage and obliterate the remnant cavity. Management of lung hydatid cyst primary is surgical excision, which can be achieved in one- or two-stage surgeries with intervals of 3-4 weeks between interventions [10]. A two-stage surgery was favourable because it helps remove multiple small, complicated cysts and aids recovery when lobectomy is required in a patient with a poor cardiopulmonary reserve and chronic medical condition. Recently, one-stage surgery has become the preferred option. A study compared one-stage surgery with the traditional two-stage surgery in 198 patients (1968-2000) and concluded that one-stage surgery is preferable in decreasing morbidity, hospital costs and rapid recovery [2]. Nevertheless, in our case report, the two-stage operation was performed due to the size of the hydatid cysts on both lungs, the presence of extensive necrotic tissue that required debridement and excision, and to give the patient a resting period after major surgery. The minimally invasive approach in pulmonary and hepatic hydatid cysts is becoming more popular. It has a low anaphylactic and spillage rate compared to traditional open surgery, and it also entails a shorter stay in hospital, and it is more cosmetic. It involves aspiration, injection of scolicidal agent, deroofing, removing cysts [11,12].

4. Conclusion

Bilateral lung and synchronous liver hydatid cysts are rare and complicated infections that require a multidisciplinary approach to succeed. Presenting this unique case and management approach is crucial for future medical workers.

Acknowledgement

Special thanks to our head of department, Dr Khalid AL Bassam, and the management at Farwaniya hospital for continuous support in this publication. Also, we would like to extend our appreciation to our colleagues in the thoracic unit at the chest hospital, at Al Sabah Hospital for their fantastic cooperation.

Funding

None required

Conflict of interest

None

References

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  9. WHO Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Bull World Health Organ 74 (1996): 231-242.
  10. Samala DS, Gedam MC, Gajbhiye R. Laparoscopic management of hydatid cyst of liver with palanivelu hydatid system over a period of 3 years: A case series of 32 patients. The Indian Journal of Surgery 77 (2015): 918-922.

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